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Effects of Diet on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2023) | Viewed by 11922

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ornella Guardamagna

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Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
Interests: dyslipidemia; primary hyperlipidemia; treatment; diet; children
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The incidence of several cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., obesity, metabolic syndrome or type II diabetes mellitus) is rapidly increasing worldwide during the last decades accounting for important healthcare costs. Circulating lipids, such as LDL-cholesterol, are a key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Dietary intervention has strong historic links with lipid lowering, and remains the frontline strategy。Thus, the type of diet, and therefore the components of the food (nutrients and non-nutrients), has a determining role in the regulation of metabolism。

Changes in diet composition acting on nutrient quality, independently of changes in energy intake, may be effective on cardiometabolic and diabetes risk prevention, offering a more feasible and safe alternative treatment to energy restriction.

In this Topic, we invite researchers to submit novelty papers on the effects of nutritional compounds related to carbohydrates and lipid Metabolism. We welcome original research articles, animal and clinical studies, as well as review articles.

Dr. Ornella Guardamagna
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

carbohydrates and lipid Metabolism
obesity
cardiometabolic diseases
metabolic syndrome
diet

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 6205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Adaptation in the Jejunal Mucosa after Iso-Caloric High-Fat versus High-Carbohydrate Diets in Healthy Volunteers: Data from a Randomized Crossover Study

by Anna Casselbrant, Ville Wallenius, Erik Elebring, Hanns-Ulrich Marschall, Bengt R. Johansson, Herbert F. Helander and Lars Fändriks

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4123; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194123 - 4 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1416

Abstract

Background and aims: The conditions for jejunal glucose absorption in healthy subjects have not been thoroughly studied. In this study we investigated differences in the jejunal villi enlargement factor, as well as ultrastructural aspects of the surface enterocytes and mitochondria, comparing 2 weeks of high-carbohydrate (HCD) versus high-fat diets (HFD). We also measured the ketogenesis rate-limiting enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS2) in relation to jejunal mitochondria. Methods: A single-centre, randomized, unblinded crossover study in 15 healthy volunteers ingesting strictly controlled equicaloric diets (either HCD or HFD), with 60% energy from the respective source. An enteroscopy was carried out after 2 weeks of each diet and jejunal mucosal biopsies were acquired. Conventional histology, immunofluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy were used. Results: The villi did not demonstrate any change in the epithelial enlargement factor. Despite an increased mitosis, there were no changes in apoptotic indices. However, the ultrastructural analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the enlargement factor at the bases of the villi. The mitochondria demonstrated increased amounts of cristae after the HFD. The confocal microscopy revealed increased HMGCS2 per mitochondrial marker at the top of the villi after the HFD compared to the HCD. Conclusion: There is a morphometric adaption in the jejunal mucosa following the 2-week diets, not only on a histological level, but rather on the ultrastructural level. This study supports the notion that mitochondrial HMGCS2 is regulated by the fat content of the diet and is involved in the expression of monosaccharide transporters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism)

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Review

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14 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessReview

Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: Potential Application in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents

by Valeria Calcaterra, Hellas Cena, Francesca Sottotetti, Chiara Hruby, Nagaia Madini, Noemi Zelaschi and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti

Nutrients 2023, 15(16), 3582; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163582 - 15 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3383

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance (IR) are the main drivers of clinical, metabolic and reproductive phenotypes of PCOS. In adolescence, the cornerstones of PCOS treatment are lifestyle and dietary interventions. In particular, the quality and quantity of carbohydrates introduced with the diet play a crucial role in the benefits of diet on PCOS. Recently, the ketogenic diet (KD) has attracted significant interest for the treatment of IR and for the control of carbohydrate metabolism, which has proven to be beneficial for several dysmetabolic conditions, including PCOS. The goal of the KD is to induce a fasting-like metabolism with production of chetonic bodies. Ketosis is a good regulator of calorie intake and mimics the starvation effect in the body, leading to body weight control and consequent metabolism. Additionally, during ketogenesis, insulin receptor sensitivity is also promoted. We proposed a broad overview of the available literature regarding KD indications and considered its metabolic benefits useful for improving PCOS management. The reported data support that a low-calorie ketogenic diet (LCKD) plays a positive role as a regulator of control weight, IR, glucose and lipid homeostasis and hormonal profile. Unfortunately, the evidence concerning the benefits of the very LCKD in adolescents with PCOS and excessive body weight is still numerically scarce. Further studies are necessary to understand whether these effects are due to weight loss or to the nutritional characteristics of this diet. Considering the long-term consequences of PCOS, it is crucial to detect the prospects of nutritional interventions to protect fertility, starting in adolescence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism)

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14 pages, 1298 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism: An Updated Review

by Filippo Egalini, Ornella Guardamagna, Giulia Gaggero, Emanuele Varaldo, Beatrice Giannone, Guglielmo Beccuti, Andrea Benso and Fabio Broglio

Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122672 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6573

Abstract

Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism)

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