Safety and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes, Nanoparticles and Other Nanomaterials: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Biology and Medicines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 1671

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The extraordinary physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials and nanoparticles (herein referred to as NMPs) gives them a multitude of uses. Different NMPs can also have different toxicities. NMPs are very lightweight and easily inhaled. The biopersistence of inhaled NMPs can lead to persistent inflammation in the lungs, which in turn can lead to respiratory disorders and neoplasia. In addition to inhalation, humans can be exposed to NMPs via dermal contact and via the ingestion of NMPs in food and water. The risks to human health and the environment posed by NMPs are of concern because of their numerous industrial applications and the use of NMPs in a wide range of commercial products. However, the elimination of currently used NMPs would likely have an immense negative impact on human society. Nonetheless, the risks posed by NMPs cannot be ignored. Therefore, hazardous NMPs need to be identified, and risk assessment studies need to be carried out. If risk assessments determine that an NMP can be safely used, appropriate regulations should be put into place that ensure the safe manufacture and use of the NMP.

The goal of this Special Issue is to highlight the latest research on the toxicology and safe use of nanomaterials and nanoparticles. We invite original research articles and reviews on human exposure to nanomaterials and nanoparticles, the toxicities of different types of nanomaterials and nanoparticles, and workplace and user safety measures that can be applied to ensure the safe manufacture and use of these extremely valuable materials.

Dr. David B. Alexander
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials/nanoparticles
  • dermal toxicity of nanomaterials/nanoparticles
  • oral toxicity of nanomaterials/nanoparticles
  • biopersistance of nanomaterials/nanoparticles
  • human exposure to nanomaterials/nanoparticles
  • workplace safety
  • users’ safety

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2807 KB  
Article
Evaluating the Impact of Carbon Nanoparticles on the Interfacial Properties of the Pulmonary Surfactant Film
by Yingxue Geng, Qun Zhao, Junfeng Wang, Yan Cao, Yunshan Wang, Wenshi Gou, Linfeng Zhang and Senlin Tian
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161244 - 14 Aug 2025
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Abstract
The interaction between carbon nanoparticles (CNs) and Langmuir monolayers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) as a model pulmonary surfactant (PS) film was studied to shed light on the physicochemical bases underlying the potential adverse effects associated with pollutant inhalation. The results indicated that the surface [...] Read more.
The interaction between carbon nanoparticles (CNs) and Langmuir monolayers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) as a model pulmonary surfactant (PS) film was studied to shed light on the physicochemical bases underlying the potential adverse effects associated with pollutant inhalation. The results indicated that the surface pressure–area isotherms of the DPPC monolayers shifted toward lower molecular areas, and the compression modulus was reduced in the presence of CNs, hindering the ability of the DPPC monolayers to reduce the surface tension. The relaxation process of the DPPC monolayers were influenced, and the surface morphology and the continuity of the monolayers were destroyed by the penetration of CNs into the DPPC monolayers. The molecular dynamics simulation revealed that particle incorporation into the DPPC monolayers reduced the packing density of the DPPC molecules, worsening the mechanical performance of the monolayers. This effect was attributed to the strong binding trend between the CNs and the DPPC molecules. These results demonstrated that CNs could alter the relaxation mechanisms of the PS film, and this may cause a modification of the inhaled particle transport at the PS film and contribute to adverse health effects in the respiratory system of workers involved in the CN production process. Full article
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16 pages, 5821 KB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization, and Toxicity Evaluation of Size-Dependent Iron-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks
by Zhang Liu, Huaiyu Deng, Yuanzhi Zheng, Yuan Tian, Yanting Zhang, Renz Marion Garcia, Sheena Anne Henson Garcia and King Lun Yeung
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120927 - 14 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Iron-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) are promising for biomedical and environmental applications due to their porosity, tunable chemistry, and biocompatibility. This study examines how particle size, morphology, and ligand composition affect the properties and cytotoxicity of MIL-101(Fe) and MIL-88A. MIL-101(Fe) (octahedral) and MIL-88A (rod-like) [...] Read more.
Iron-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) are promising for biomedical and environmental applications due to their porosity, tunable chemistry, and biocompatibility. This study examines how particle size, morphology, and ligand composition affect the properties and cytotoxicity of MIL-101(Fe) and MIL-88A. MIL-101(Fe) (octahedral) and MIL-88A (rod-like) were synthesized with a controlled size (~200 nm to ~5 μm). Both showed a high crystallinity and stability. Cytotoxicity assays in A549 cells revealed size- and structure-dependent effects: smaller particles of MIL-88A caused greater toxicity (32.5% viability) than MIL-101(Fe) (66.1% viability at 100 μg/mL), while larger particles were less toxic. MIL-88A also induced higher reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels and degraded more rapidly, releasing more Fe ions. Toxicity predication analysis indicated the higher inherent toxicity of MIL-88A’s ligand (fumaric acid) compared to MIL-101(Fe)’s terephthalic acid. These results demonstrate that structural and chemical factors collectively influence Fe-MOFs’ biocompatibility and highlight the importance of rational design for safer MOF applications. Full article
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23 pages, 2027 KB  
Article
Development and Evaluation of a Novel Self-Etch Dental Adhesive Incorporating Graphene Oxide–Zirconia (GO-ZrO2) and Hydroxyapatite–Zinc (HA-Zn) for Enhanced Bond Strength, Biocompatibility, and Long-Term Stability
by Norbert Erich Serfözö, Marioara Moldovan, Doina Prodan and Nicoleta Ilie
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110803 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 583
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an experimental self-etch dental adhesive (SE) by synthesizing graphene oxide–functionalized zirconia (GO-ZrO2) and hydroxyapatite–functionalized zinc (HA-Zn) as inorganic powders together with bis-GMA (0–2) (bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate) oligomers as main components of the organic [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to develop an experimental self-etch dental adhesive (SE) by synthesizing graphene oxide–functionalized zirconia (GO-ZrO2) and hydroxyapatite–functionalized zinc (HA-Zn) as inorganic powders together with bis-GMA (0–2) (bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate) oligomers as main components of the organic matrix. The adhesive was compared to the current gold standard adhesive Clearfill SE Bond 2 (CSE) using cytotoxicity assays, shear bond strength (SBS) tests, and resin–dentin interface analyses. Cytotoxicity assays with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) revealed reduced cell viability at early time points but indicated favourable biocompatibility and potential cell proliferation at later stages. SBS values for the experimental adhesive were comparable to CSE after 24 h of storage while aging did not significantly affect its bond strength. However, SBS exhibited more consistent resin tag formation and higher Weibull modulus values post-aging. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis highlighted differences in resin tag formation, suggesting the experimental adhesive relies more on chemical bonding than micromechanical interaction. The experimental adhesive demonstrated promising potential clinical properties and bond durability due to the integration of GO-ZrO2 and HA-Zn fillers into the adhesive. Full article
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