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Advances in Critical Molecules Involved in the Pathophysiology of Thyroid Disease

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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 13176

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Laura Sabatino

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Guest Editor

Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR, Pisa, Italy
Interests: enzymes activation/deactivation; gene expression; protein levels evaluation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Lorena Tedeschi

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Guest Editor

Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Pisa, Italy
Interests: conjugation and labelling of oligonucleotides and peptides for biosensing; theranostics and in-vitro pathway dissection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thyroid hormones (THs) are involved in a great variety of biochemical processes in almost all body organs. Thyroxine (T4) is the principal hormone produced by the thyroid gland and activated into bioactive 3,3’,5-triiodothyronine (T3) in peripheral target tissues by two 5’-deiodinases (DIO1 and DIO2). Iodine and selenium are fundamental elements for efficient thyroid metabolism. Unbalanced thyroid hormone synthesis and action are quite common in the population and can have severe consequences in all phases of life.

New concepts on thyroid hormones’ function, from their active transport inside the cells to their interaction with intracellular receptors, leading to genomic or non-genomic actions, have been developed in recent years. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism directly derive from excess or scarcity of THs, respectively; however, alterations in TH levels also contribute to the pathology of other important diseases. Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), Na+/I symporter (NIS)—both important in the biosynthesis of THs—or DIO1 and DIO2 is the main target of anti-thyroid drugs. However, there are many other bioactive molecules not necessarily involved directly in thyroid metabolism that, given their structural properties or cellular location, may have an impact on thyroid regulatory pathways in specific pathophysiological conditions. The aim of this Special Issue is to present studies that identify such critical molecules and highlight the nature of their biochemical involvement in TH metabolism.

Dr. Laura Sabatino
Dr. Lorena Tedeschi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Molecules
Receptor variety
Oligonucleotides
Oxidative stress

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 1340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Selection of the Optimal Impregnation Conditions of Vegetable Matrices with Iodine

by Agata Zaremba, Katarzyna Waszkowiak, Dominik Kmiecik, Anna Jędrusek-Golińska, Maciej Jarzębski and Krystyna Szymandera-Buszka

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3351; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103351 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1655

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the use of selected vegetables (pumpkin, cauliflower, broccoli, carrot) as carriers of potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO₃) by determining changes in iodine content under various conditions of impregnation as the degree of hydration, impregnated sample temperature, and impregnation time. The influence of these conditions on iodine contents in vegetables after their fortification and storage (21 °C/230 days) was analyzed. The results showed that all selected vegetables could be efficient iodine carriers. However, the conditions of the impregnation process are crucial for fortification efficiency, particularly the degree of hydration and the temperature of the impregnated samples before drying. The results showed that the lowest iodine content was in samples fortified at 4 °C and 1:4 hydration. On the other hand, the highest reproducibility of iodine was for the following fortification conditions: temperature of −76 °C and hydration of 1:1. The studies confirmed the higher stability of iodine in KIO₃ form compared to KI. To increase recovery of the introduced iodine in the product after drying, using the conditioning step at 4 °C is not recommended. We recommend freezing vegetables immediately after the impregnation process Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Critical Molecules Involved in the Pathophysiology of Thyroid Disease)

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Review

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9 pages, 958 KiB

Open AccessReview

Main Factors Involved in Thyroid Hormone Action

by Lorena Tedeschi, Cristina Vassalle, Giorgio Iervasi and Laura Sabatino

Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7337; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237337 - 3 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3098

Abstract

The thyroid hormone receptors are the mediators of a multitude of actions by the thyroid hormones in cells. Most thyroid hormone activities require interaction with nuclear receptors to bind DNA and regulate the expression of target genes. In addition to genomic regulation, thyroid hormones function via activation of specific cytosolic pathways, bypassing interaction with nuclear DNA. In the present work, we reviewed the most recent literature on the characteristics and roles of different factors involved in thyroid hormone function in particular, we discuss the genomic activity of thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus and the functions of different thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in the cytosol. Furthermore, we describe the integrin αvβ3-mediated thyroid hormone signaling pathway and its rapid nongenomic action in the cell. We furthermore reviewed the thyroid hormone transporters enabling the uptake of thyroid hormones in the cell, and we also include a paragraph on the proteins that mediate thyroid receptors’ shuttling from the nucleus to the cytosol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Critical Molecules Involved in the Pathophysiology of Thyroid Disease)

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14 pages, 2912 KiB

Open AccessReview

Selenium: An Element of Life Essential for Thyroid Function

by Francesca Gorini, Laura Sabatino, Alessandro Pingitore and Cristina Vassalle

Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7084; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237084 - 23 Nov 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 7868

Abstract

Selenium (Se), a microelement essential for life, is critical for homeostasis of several critical functions, such as those related to immune–endocrine function and signaling transduction pathways. In particular, Se is critical for the function of the thyroid, and it is particularly abundant in this gland. Unfortunately, Se deficiency is a very common condition worldwide. Supplementation is possible, but as Se has a narrow safety level, toxic levels are close to those normally required for a correct need. Thus, whether the obtaining of optimal selenium concentration is desirable, the risk of dangerous concentrations must be equally excluded. This review addressed the contribution by environment and food intake on Se circulating levels (e.g., geographical factors, such as soil concentration and climate, and different quantities in food, such as nuts, cereals, eggs, meat and fish) and effects related to its deficiency or excess, together with the role of selenium and selenoproteins in the thyroid pathophysiology (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Critical Molecules Involved in the Pathophysiology of Thyroid Disease)

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