Phthalocyanines – from Prime Dyes to Hightech Chemistry
A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Colorants".
Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 4106
Special Issue Editor
Interests: phthalocyanine metal complexes (MPcs); reactions; applications; Multicomponent reactions (MCRs); Isocyanide-MCRs (Ugi-, Passerini-reactions); New protective group method; Peptide syntheses (poly-amino acids); natural product syntheses (camptothecin, ß-endorphins, enkephalin, alamethicin); ß-Lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins); diversity oriented chemical synthesis; green chemistry; defusing hazardous chemicals (triphosgene substitutes phosgene); synergy effects in the chemical synthesis; efficiency of complex syntheses, its algorithm and calculation; sustainable energy supply (electric power by sensitizer-driven photovoltaics, PV)
Special Issue Information
Dear Colleagues,
The group of metal phthalocyanine (MPc) substances is fascinating in every respect. Use of these premium-quality blue dyes has quickly spread all around the world. Common MPcs, such as those from phthalic acid anhydride and urea, can be produced in an environmentally friendly manner using a microwave, without any solvents. Due to the extreme physical and chemical robustness of MPcs and their complex chemical structure, research was soon conducted into their use as catalysts. Rational modifiability, fine-tuning, switching effects, and other additional functions are responsible for the increasing significance of MPcs.
Early on, MPcs were used in electrochemical cathodic O2 reduction using FePc and CoPc and are currently used in CO2 reduction and in the reductive decomposition of NOx into N2. Microorganic pollutants in sea water can be removed through photodegradation using CdPc, ZnPc and, particularly, PdPc. CoIIPc provides a good chemical model for vitamin B12, particularly in terms of the super-nucleophilic properties of both reduced complexes. The anion [CoIPc]− is stable with respect to water and inert to most functional groups in organic chemistry and thus reduces highly selectively and nearly solely nitro to primary amino functions. MPcs as catalysts are particularly suited to reduction reactions with NaBH4. It has transpired that some MPcs, particularly CoPc, are inert to strong catalyst poisons such as thiols and sulfides. Catalytic switching between three catalytic patterns can be achieved using PdPc, thereby permitting the switching of multiple consecutive reactions by means of PdIIPc ↔ [PdIPc]−, saving many synthesis steps. A multiple switching effect was also observed in PcPbPc, Cl-AlPc, and AlPcAl oxide layers.
Some MPcs are gas sensitive and can be used as sensors to detect gas. For instance, CoPc is used to monitor NOx. FePc cyanide complexes, OTiPc, and OVPC radical anions have remarkable magnetic properties. Quite a few MPcs have optical laser-like properties. The electrical conductivity of MPcs allows them to be intensively used as semiconductors and conductors with different dimensionality as well as in transistors. Electrophotographic processes (xerography) are mainly based on TiO2 and OTiPc or OVPc.
Photovoltaics (PV) is an area in which MPcs will experience increasingly high demand. Unlimited, fresh, clean, and safe electrical power can theoretically be sourced from the sun’s nuclear fusion for the next 5 billion years. Electricity yield from solar radiation can be increased to over 80% by combination of of MPcs with carbon nanotubes and the use of multiple photoelectric layers with different MPc photosensitizers, which can capture more sunlight frequencies and, therefore, energy. Lithium battery storage, which contains Li2Pc as its cathode material, thereby increases the number of charging cycles substantially. In terms of quantum information, coherent coupling can be achieved between OVPc spin ensemble and microwave photons. This indicates that molecular spin qubits can be integrated into quantum circuits. Many theoretical calculations add to and expand upon the scope of MPc in high-chem and high-tech applications.
The main aim of this Special Issue “Phthalocyanines – From Prime Dyes to High-Tech Chemistry” is to create an open forum where scientists can share their research. The contributions to this issue, in the form of original research or review articles, may cover all aspects of phthalocyanine metal complexes; research with interdisciplinary input is especially welcome, giving new insights into phthalocyanine metal complexes and generating future-oriented and pioneering products and methods.
Dr. Heiner Eckert
Guest Editor
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Keywords
- Phthalocyanine (Pc)
- PcM dyes
- liquid PcM crystals
- PcM catalysts
- poison inert PcM catalysts
- reduction reactions by PcM
- switching effects of PcM
- purifying wastewater by PcM
- photodegradation seawater pollutants by PcM
- gas sensitizer PcM, monitoring
- PcM laser
- electrophotographic properties of PcM
- ferromagnetic PcM
- PcM semiconductor, transistor
- different dimensionalities of electric conductivity by PcM, nanowires
- photovoltaics, PV, by PcM
- PcM cathode material of (lithium) batteries
- medicinal applications using PcM
- quantum information with PcM