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Determination of Trace Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Environmental and Food Samples, 3rd Edition

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Analytical Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 4096

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: analytical chemistry; electroanalytical chemistry; polarography and voltammetry; inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry; unmanned aerial vehicles for atmospheric analysis; chemometrics; environmental analytical chemistry; trace heavy metals; atmospheric aerosol; seawater; snow; ice
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: analytical chemistry; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; high-performance liquid chromatography; atomic absorption spectroscopy; environmental analytical chemistry; food chemistry; heavy metals in marine organisms and insects; trace heavy metals in natural waters; chemical composition of food; multivariate statistical analysis applied to environmental and food data
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: analytical chemistry; voltammetry for environmental analysis; atomic absorption spectroscopy; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry; environmental monitoring; heavy metals and organic contaminants in marine organisms; trace elements in seawater and marine sediments; heavy metals in insects; mineral water; river water
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: analytical and environmental chemistry; voltammetry and in-situ voltammetry; atomic absorption spectroscopy; inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry; unmanned aerial vehicles for atmospheric analysis; atmospheric depositions; chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol; metal speciation in seawater; environmental chemometrics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, 54 rue Molière, 38400 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
Interests: heavy metals and trace elements; snow and ice core analysis; ultrasensitive analytical techniques

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following the success of the first two Special Issues of the international journal Molecules dedicated to this topic, “Determination of Trace Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Environmental Samples” and “Determination of Trace Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Environmental and Food Samples II”, which included 18 and 11 high-quality articles, respectively, from colleagues all around the world in collaboration with the editors of the journal, we have decided to publish a third Special Issue. It will cover the same general topics as the previous editions, with a broad scope, to provide an overview of current trends in the use of analytical methods to determine trace heavy metal(loid)s in environmental matrices and foods and their applications in real case studies.

Today, the importance of the determination of trace heavy metals and metalloids in environmental matrices and food is greater than ever. This is due to the high influence of climate change on the biogeochemical cycles, transport, distribution, and speciation of these persistent substances and thus on their impacts on ecosystems, organisms, and food. Moreover, concerning food, as traditional livestock farming is now held partly responsible for global warming (given the greenhouse gases emitted) and will no longer be sustainable in the future, many people are changing their eating habits and looking for alternative protein sources. Hence, there is an interest in novel foods, such as microalgae, insects, and soy-based meat products. To develop these products, however, a careful determination of chemical composition and a risk assessment are necessary, including searching for heavy metals(loid)s, which, through the food chain, could reach humans.

Contributions in the form of original research or review articles are expected to include fundamental studies on how to perform specific analytical procedures, as well as real-world multidisciplinary investigations, an overview of current trends in relation to new analytical methods and instrumental techniques, and new sample treatments to determine heavy metal(loid)s in environmental matrices, foods, and novel foods.

We believe that this Special Issue will present challenging scientific approaches and address recent and emerging issues, as well as proposing visions for the future, in the monitoring of the environment, foods, and novel foods through the detection of trace heavy metal(loid)s.

Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Scarponi
Dr. Cristina Truzzi
Dr. Anna Annibaldi
Dr. Silvia Illuminati
Prof. Dr. Claude F. Boutron
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • environmental analytical chemistry
  • food analytical methods
  • trace heavy metals and metalloids
  • chemical speciation
  • instrumental analysis
  • new analytical methods and techniques
  • sample pre-treatment
  • extreme environments
  • reviews
  • emerging environmental issues
  • emerging food issues
  • food and “novel foods”
  • insects
  • climate change and biogeochemical cycles of trace heavy metal(loid)s

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 3748 KB  
Article
Exploring Environmental Element Monitoring Data Using Chemometric Techniques: A Practical Case Study from the Tremiti Islands (Italy)
by Raffaele Emanuele Russo, Martina Fattobene, Silvia Zamponi, Paolo Conti, Ana Herrero and Mario Berrettoni
Molecules 2026, 31(2), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020232 - 9 Jan 2026
Viewed by 625
Abstract
Environmental element monitoring is essential for assessing environmental quality, identifying pollution sources, evaluating ecological risks, and understanding long-term contamination trends. Modern monitoring campaigns routinely generate large volumes of complex data that require advanced analytical strategies. This study applied chemometric techniques to analyze elements [...] Read more.
Environmental element monitoring is essential for assessing environmental quality, identifying pollution sources, evaluating ecological risks, and understanding long-term contamination trends. Modern monitoring campaigns routinely generate large volumes of complex data that require advanced analytical strategies. This study applied chemometric techniques to analyze elements and BVOCs (biogenic volatile organic compounds) measured from Posidonia oceanica and related environmental matrices (seawater, sediment, and rhizomes) during three sampling campaigns in the Tremiti Islands (Italy). Twenty-two trace elements were quantified, and BVOC profiles were obtained from the leaf samples. The dataset was analyzed using a combination of univariate visualizations, unsupervised and supervised multivariate techniques, and multi-way methods. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis) revealed distinct spatial (leaf section) and temporal (sampling period) trends, supported by consistent elemental markers. A low-level data fusion approach integrating BVOC and element data improved group discrimination and interpretability. PARAFAC (PARAllel FACtor analysis) applied to a three-way array successfully separated background trends from meaningful compositional changes, uncovering latent structures across chemical, spatial, and temporal dimensions. This work illustrates the usefulness of chemometrics in environmental monitoring and the effectiveness of combining multivariate tools and data fusion to improve the interpretability of complex environmental datasets. The methodology used in this study is fully generalizable and applicable to other environmental multi-way datasets. Full article
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17 pages, 1256 KB  
Article
Assessment of the Geochemical Availability and Ecological Risk of Trace Elements in Marine Sediments of the Tremiti Islands
by Martina Fattobene, Raffaele Emanuele Russo, Mario Berrettoni and María Dolores Galindo-Riaño
Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4051; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204051 - 11 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 823
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) near the coast are a global concern due to potential impact of anthropogenic activities highly relevant when it comes to trace elements pollution in sediment. This study aims to assess the levels of trace elements in sediment, their potential [...] Read more.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) near the coast are a global concern due to potential impact of anthropogenic activities highly relevant when it comes to trace elements pollution in sediment. This study aims to assess the levels of trace elements in sediment, their potential mobility and the ecological risk in Tremiti Islands, a sensitive and vulnerable MPA. Sediment was analyzed for granulometry, mineralogy, pseudo-metal concentrations and available fractions using BCR method. Statistical analysis and different pollution and ecological risk indices were applied to interpret the results, determine the contamination levels and assess the element availability and their potential impact using Sediment Quality Guidelines. Spatial variability in grain size and mineralogy was found across the sampling sites. The finer quartz-rich sediments exhibiting higher trace element concentrations. Site-specific enrichments were evident for As and Zn at Cala Spido and for Pb at Cala Matano. Cu and Mn showed notable potential bioavailability with residual fractions below 30% at all sites; low Cd concentrations were found, but it was highly available. Cala Spido and Grotta del Sale showed higher contamination-degree, while Pagliai and Cala Matano stood out for their higher ecological risk and availability indexes. These findings demonstrated that even within a Marine Protected Area, site-specific anthropogenic pressures can significantly influence sediment quality and ecological risk. Full article
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18 pages, 807 KB  
Article
Novel Food Safety Evaluation: Potentially Toxic Elements in Acheta domesticus (House Cricket) Reared on Seaweed-Enriched Diets
by Behixhe Ajdini, Irene Biancarosa, Silvia Illuminati, Anna Annibaldi, Federico Girolametti, Matteo Fanelli, Lorenzo Massi and Cristina Truzzi
Molecules 2025, 30(19), 3958; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193958 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1439
Abstract
In recent years, insects have emerged as a nutritious and eco-sustainable alternative food source, with the house cricket (Acheta domesticus, AD) recently authorized by the European Commission as a novel food. However, the presence of harmful substances in insects poses potential [...] Read more.
In recent years, insects have emerged as a nutritious and eco-sustainable alternative food source, with the house cricket (Acheta domesticus, AD) recently authorized by the European Commission as a novel food. However, the presence of harmful substances in insects poses potential health risks. This study investigated the content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and aluminium (Al) in Acheta domesticus fed diets enriched with graded levels of the red seaweed Palmaria palmata or the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum in two feeding trials. Chemical analyses were carried out by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry for all elements except Hg, which was analyzed by thermal decomposition amalgamation atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that PTE content in the diets was below the legal limits for feed. The PTEs in AD ranged (mg kg−1 dry matter) as follows: Cd (0.069 ± 0.005–0.127 ± 0.002), As (0.08 ± 0.01–0.36 ± 0.03), Pb (0.05 ± 0.01–0.12 ± 0.01), Hg (0.0065 ± 0.0002–0.0141 ± 0.0010), Ni (0.64 ± 0.06–1.20 ± 0.10), Cr (0.16 ± 0.02–0.58 ± 0.01), and Al (17 ± 2–61 ± 1). AD bioaccumulated As and Hg; however, the PTE levels remained below European Union food safety limits. The absence of non-carcinogenic risk for consumers suggests that AD fed seaweed-enriched diets are a safe, healthy, and low-chemical risk food for humans. Full article
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46 pages, 2510 KB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review of Metallic, Industrial, and Pharmaceutical Emerging Contaminants in Snow and Ice: A Global Perspective from Polar and High-Mountain Regions
by Azzurra Spagnesi, Andrea Gambaro, Elena Barbaro, Jacopo Gabrieli and Carlo Barbante
Molecules 2026, 31(5), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31050846 - 3 Mar 2026
Viewed by 676
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) comprise diverse pollutant classes that are increasingly detected in remote environments due to their persistence and long-range transport potential. In cold regions, atmospheric cold-trapping processes favour their accumulation in high-altitude and high-latitude snow and ice, which act as sensitive archives [...] Read more.
Emerging contaminants (ECs) comprise diverse pollutant classes that are increasingly detected in remote environments due to their persistence and long-range transport potential. In cold regions, atmospheric cold-trapping processes favour their accumulation in high-altitude and high-latitude snow and ice, which act as sensitive archives and secondary sources of contamination. While previous studies have addressed individual environmental compartments (e.g., snowpack, glacier ice, meltwater), focusing on specific contaminant classes, a systematic review integrating the occurrence, behaviour and impacts of major EC groups in polar and alpine snow and ice is still lacking. To fill this gap, this work synthesised current knowledge on the environmental fate of three key EC categories in the cryosphere: metals and metalloids (MMs), industrial chemicals and by-products (ICBs), and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). PRISMA guidelines were accurately followed for research, which was based on a Google Scholar search combining keywords on cryospheric matrices (snow, firn, ice cores), geographical regions (Arctic, Antarctic, Alps, high mountains), and contaminant classes. Of 350 records initially identified, 300 met the eligibility criteria (post-industrial snow, firn, or ice cores studies) after excluding studies focused on aerosol or meltwater-only, method-focused papers, pre-industrial datasets, urban-only investigations, and duplicates. Risk of bias was qualitatively assessed through manual screening, evaluating matrix eligibility, temporal consistency, analytical methods, detection limits, and duplicate data, with particular attention to inconsistencies in ECs classification. Strict operational definitions were therefore applied to ensure methodological coherence. Concentration data were harmonised into a standardised database, and findings were synthesised through a structured narrative supported by tabulated datasets organised by matrix and site. Overall, the evidence indicates widespread occurrence of ECs in the global cryosphere, with spatial variability linked to emission sources, long-range transport pathways, and snow physicochemical properties. Climate-change-driven alterations of snow dynamics, glacier retreat and permafrost thaw are expected to modify partitioning equilibria and enhance the secondary release of legacy and contemporary contaminants. However, significant limitations persist, including geographical gaps, variability in analytical sensitivity, lack of long-term monitoring for certain EC classes, and inconsistencies in contaminant classification frameworks. Despite these constraints, the synthesis highlights consistent emerging patterns and underscores the need to strengthen existing environmental protocols to mitigate potential risks to ecosystems and human health. Full article
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