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Micromachines
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Gas Sensors: From Fundamental Research to Applications
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Gas Sensors: From Fundamental Research to Applications

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "C：Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2025) | Viewed by 9238

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Pengfei Cheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
Interests: gas micro-nano sensors; semiconductor oxide gas sensors; health monitoring; atmospheric monitoring; portable devices; IoT applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gas sensors are devices that can detect the composition of gases in the air, and are widely used in fields such as environmental monitoring, safety monitoring, healthcare and industrial control.

Gas sensors work on a variety of principles, and some of the most common include electrochemical, semiconductor and infrared sensors. Electrochemical sensors use the principle of electrochemical reaction to react gas with electrodes to generate current signals. Semiconductor sensors detect fluctuations in the conductivity of a semiconductor with changing gas concentration. Infrared sensors, on the other hand, determine the gas concentration by measuring the infrared radiation generated by the vibration of gas molecules.

Gas sensors have high sensitivity and accuracy and are capable of detecting very low concentrations of gases. Moreover, gas sensors have a fast response time and can monitor changes in gas concentration in real time. In addition, gas sensors have good selectivity and stability, enabling the accurate detection of specific gases in complex environments.

However, gas sensors have some limitations. For example, they are susceptible to environmental factors such as temperature and humidity and may exhibit cross-talk for certain gases, resulting in inaccurate detection results.

In conclusion, gas sensors are important and practical detection devices which can help us better understand and control the gas composition in the air, protect human health and safety and improve industrial production. With the development of science and technology, the performance of gas sensors in terms of factors such as sensitivity, accuracy and response speed will continue to improve and their field of application will continue to expand.

We look forward to receiving your submissions.

Dr. Pengfei Cheng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gas sensors
  • MEMS sensor arrays
  • gas sensors device applications
  • electronic nose system
  • micro- and nano-preparation
  • micro-control
  • semiconductor crystal structure

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 7509 KiB  
Article
Highly Sensitive Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas Sensor with Innovative Application for Monitoring Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway
by Liang Luo, Jianwei Chen, Aisn Gioronara Hui, Rongzhen Liu, Yao Zhou, Haitong Liang, Ziyuan Wang, Haosu Luo and Fei Fang
Micromachines 2025, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16010036 - 29 Dec 2024
Viewed by 4275
Abstract
The safety of power batteries in the automotive industry is of paramount importance and cannot be emphasized enough. As lithium-ion battery technology continues to evolve, the energy density of these batteries increases, thereby amplifying the potential risks linked to battery failures. This study [...] Read more.
The safety of power batteries in the automotive industry is of paramount importance and cannot be emphasized enough. As lithium-ion battery technology continues to evolve, the energy density of these batteries increases, thereby amplifying the potential risks linked to battery failures. This study explores pivotal safety challenges within the electric vehicle sector, with a particular focus on thermal runaway and gas emissions originating from lithium-ion batteries. We offer a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensor designed to efficiently monitor battery emissions. Notably, carbon dioxide (CO2) gas sensors are emphasized for their ability to enhance early-warning systems, facilitating the timely detection of potential issues and, in turn, improving the overall safety standards of electric vehicles. In this study, we introduce a novel CO2 gas sensor based on the advanced pyroelectric single-crystal lead niobium magnesium titanate (PMNT), which exhibits exceptionally high pyroelectric properties compared to commercially available materials, such as lithium tantalate single crystals and lead zirconate titanate ceramics. The specific detection rate of PMNT single-crystal pyroelectric infrared detectors is more than four times higher than lithium tantalate single-crystal infrared detectors. The PMNT single-crystal NDIR gas detector is used to monitor thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, enabling the rapid and highly accurate detection of gases released by the battery. This research offers an in-depth exploration of real-time monitoring for power battery safety, utilizing the cutting-edge pyroelectric single-crystal gas sensor. Beyond providing valuable insights, the study also presents practical recommendations for mitigating the risks of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, with a particular emphasis on the development of effective warning systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors: From Fundamental Research to Applications)
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21 pages, 5266 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Study of CO, NO, NO2, Cl2, and H2S Adsorption Interactions with PdO–Graphene Composites for Gas Sensor Applications
by Piumantha Samaranayake, Azeez Ahamed, Visal de Silva, Nadeesha Manohari Wickramage, Muhammad Raziq Rahimi Kooh and Roshan Thotagamuge
Micromachines 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16010009 - 25 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 972
Abstract
Gas sensors play a vital role in detecting gases in the air, converting their concentrations into electrical signals for industrial, environmental, and safety applications. This study used density functional theory methods to explore the mechanism and sensitivity of a PdO–graphene composite sensor towards [...] Read more.
Gas sensors play a vital role in detecting gases in the air, converting their concentrations into electrical signals for industrial, environmental, and safety applications. This study used density functional theory methods to explore the mechanism and sensitivity of a PdO–graphene composite sensor towards various gases (CO, NO, NO2, H2S, and Cl2). All calculations, including structure, energy, and frequency optimizations, were performed using the Gaussian software with appropriate configurations and basis sets. Key parameters such as the adsorption energy, charge transfer, energy gap, density of states, and HOMO–LUMO were computed for each gas molecule on the PdO–graphene composite. The sensitivity and recovery time were also evaluated. The findings show that CO exhibited the highest adsorption energy (−6.5513 eV) and adsorbed with a noticeable tilt toward the PdO–graphene plane, indicating a strong interaction, and H2S exhibited the lowest adsorption energy, calculated as −2.0110 eV. H2S demonstrated the highest charge transfer of 0.445 e and an energy gap of 3.1321 eV, and CO exhibited the lowest charge transfer, calculated as 0.036 e, while NO2 demonstrated the lowest energy gap, determined to be 2.5004 eV. NO2 demonstrated the highest sensitivity, at 1285.2% for the PdO–graphene composite, and the lowest were Cl2 and H2S, with a sensitivity of 99.9%, while Cl2 had the shortest recovery time of 7.66 × 10−11 s, and CO had the longest recovery time of 2.55 × 10−10 s. The addition of PdO significantly enhanced the interaction strength between the adsorbed gas molecules and the graphene sheet when compared to Pd–graphene or pure graphene. This enhancement is reflected in the increased adsorption energy and band gap and low charge transfer, which significantly influenced the electrical conductivity of the PdO–graphene sheet. In conclusion, the incorporation of PdO into graphene improves the sensitivity of the gas sensor, particularly for detecting NO2, making PdO–graphene a highly suitable material for gas sensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors: From Fundamental Research to Applications)
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15 pages, 9589 KiB  
Article
First-Principles Insights into Highly Sensitive and Reusable MoS2 Monolayers for Heavy Metal Detection
by Jiayin Wu, Zongbao Li, Tongle Liang, Qiuyan Mo, Jingting Wei, Bin Li and Xiaobo Xing
Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15080978 - 30 Jul 2024
Viewed by 958
Abstract
This study explores the potential of MoS2 monolayers as heavy metal sensors for As, Cd, Hg, and Pb using density functional theory (DFT) and Non-Equilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF) simulations. Our findings reveal that As and Pb adsorption significantly alters the surface structure [...] Read more.
This study explores the potential of MoS2 monolayers as heavy metal sensors for As, Cd, Hg, and Pb using density functional theory (DFT) and Non-Equilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF) simulations. Our findings reveal that As and Pb adsorption significantly alters the surface structure and electronic properties of MoS2, introducing impurity levels and reducing the band gap. Conversely, Cd and Hg exhibit weaker interactions with the MoS2 surface. The MoS2 monolayer sensors demonstrate exceptional sensitivity for all four target heavy metals, with values reaching 126,452.28% for As, 1862.67% for Cd, 427.71% for Hg, and 83,438.90% for Pb. Additionally, the sensors demonstrate selectivity for As and Pb through distinct response peaks at specific bias voltages. As and Pb adsorption also induces magnetism in the MoS2 system, potentially enabling magnetic sensing applications. The MoS2 monolayer’s moderate adsorption energy facilitates rapid sensor recovery at room temperature for As, Hg, and Cd. Notably, Pb recovery time can be significantly reduced at elevated temperatures, highlighting the reusability of the sensor. These results underscore the potential of MoS2 monolayers as highly sensitive, selective, and regenerable sensors for real-time heavy metal detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors: From Fundamental Research to Applications)
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11 pages, 5100 KiB  
Article
Density Functional Theory Provides Insights into β-SnSe Monolayers as a Highly Sensitive and Recoverable Ozone Sensing Material
by Jiayin Wu, Zongbao Li, Tongle Liang, Qiuyan Mo, Jingting Wei, Bin Li and Xiaobo Xing
Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15080960 - 27 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1094
Abstract
This study explores the potential of β-SnSe monolayers as a promising material for ozone (O3) sensing using density functional theory (DFT) combined with the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method. The adsorption characteristics of O3 molecules on the β-SnSe monolayer surface [...] Read more.
This study explores the potential of β-SnSe monolayers as a promising material for ozone (O3) sensing using density functional theory (DFT) combined with the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method. The adsorption characteristics of O3 molecules on the β-SnSe monolayer surface were thoroughly investigated, including adsorption energy, band structure, density of states (DOSs), differential charge density, and Bader charge analysis. Post-adsorption, hybridization energy levels were introduced into the system, leading to a reduced band gap and increased electrical conductivity. A robust charge exchange between O3 and the β-SnSe monolayer was observed, indicative of chemisorption. Recovery time calculations also revealed that the β-SnSe monolayer could be reused after O3 adsorption. The sensitivity of the β-SnSe monolayer to O3 was quantitatively evaluated through current-voltage characteristic simulations, revealing an extraordinary sensitivity of 1817.57% at a bias voltage of 1.2 V. This sensitivity surpasses that of other two-dimensional materials such as graphene oxide. This comprehensive investigation demonstrates the exceptional potential of β-SnSe monolayers as a highly sensitive, recoverable, and environmentally friendly O3 sensing material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors: From Fundamental Research to Applications)
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Review

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45 pages, 10822 KiB  
Review
Progress in CO2 Gas Sensing Technologies: Insights into Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Resistance-Based Methods
by Yash Ughade, Shubham Mehta, Gautam Patel, Roopa Gowda, Nirav Joshi and Rohan Patel
Micromachines 2025, 16(4), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16040466 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
The demand for reliable and cost-effective CO2 gas sensors is escalating due to their extensive applications in various sectors such as food packaging, indoor air quality assessment, and real-time monitoring of anthropogenic CO2 emissions to mitigate global warming. Nanostructured materials exhibit [...] Read more.
The demand for reliable and cost-effective CO2 gas sensors is escalating due to their extensive applications in various sectors such as food packaging, indoor air quality assessment, and real-time monitoring of anthropogenic CO2 emissions to mitigate global warming. Nanostructured materials exhibit exceptional properties, including small grain size, controlled morphology, and heterojunction effects, rendering them promising candidates for chemiresistive CO2 gas sensors. This review article provides an overview of recent advancements in chemiresistive CO2 gas sensors based on nanostructured semiconducting materials. Specifically, it discusses single oxide structures, metal-decorated oxide nanostructures, and heterostructures, elucidating the correlations between these nanostructures and their CO2 sensing properties. Additionally, it addresses the challenges and future prospects of chemiresistive CO2 gas sensors, aiming to provide insights into the ongoing developments in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors: From Fundamental Research to Applications)
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33 pages, 7684 KiB  
Review
Unlocking the Potential of Ti3C2Tx MXene: Present Trends and Future Developments of Gas Sensing
by Aviraj M. Teli, Sagar M. Mane, Rajneesh Kumar Mishra, Wookhee Jeon and Jae Cheol Shin
Micromachines 2025, 16(2), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020159 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1139
Abstract
In recent years, the need for future developments in sensor technology has arisen out of the changing landscape, such as pollution monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare. MXenes, a 2D class of transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as a particularly promising [...] Read more.
In recent years, the need for future developments in sensor technology has arisen out of the changing landscape, such as pollution monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare. MXenes, a 2D class of transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as a particularly promising group in part due to their exceptionally high conductivity, large area, and tunable surface chemistry. Proposed future research directions, including material modification and novel sensor designs, are presented to maximize Ti3C2Tx MXene-based sensors for various gas sensing applications. While recent progress in Ti3C2Tx MXene-based gas sensors is reviewed, we consolidate their material properties, fabrication strategy, and sensing mechanisms. Further, the significant progress on the synthesis and applications of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based gas sensors, as well as the innovative technologies developed, will be discussed in detail. Interestingly, the high sensitivity, selectivity, and quick response times identified in recent studies are discussed, with specificity and composite formation highlighted to have a significant influence on sensor performance. In addition, this review highlights the limitations witnessed in real-life implementability, including stability, the possibility of achieving reproducible results, and interaction with currently available technologies. Prospects for further work are considered, emphasizing increased production scale, new techniques for synthesis, and new application areas for Ti3C2Tx MXenes, including electronic nose and environmental sensing. Contemplating the existing works, further directions and the development framework for Ti3C2Tx MXene-based gas sensors are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors: From Fundamental Research to Applications)
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