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Micromachines
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Graphene-Nanocomposite-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
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Graphene-Nanocomposite-Based Flexible Supercapacitors

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "C：Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 7549

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Prashant Shivaji Shewale

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
Interests: supercapacitors; integration of energy harvester–storage–consumption units; self-powered sensors; nanomaterials; metal oxides; thin films

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The exclusive and highly explored concept of developing “hybrid” materials with combined properties of two or more components in the last few decades has led to the design of various "complex" materials, beyond the typical approach of material development based on structure–property relationship. Nanocomposites of Graphene or its derivatives are one such class of materials, which have great application prospects in the fields of electrochemical energy storage and gas detection due to their exceptional electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties. However, their rational synthesis with good conductivity, electrochemical activity, greater surface area, and enhanced selective gas sensitivity while maintaining mechanical flexibility is the topical challenge for contemporary wearable high-performance devices such as supercapacitors. The investigation of novel nanocomposite materials based on graphene and its combinations with metal oxides, polymers, carbon nanotubes, etc. for highly flexible/stretchable supercapacitor applications require the dissemination of new and exciting research, and this Special Issue therefore welcomes interesting contributions. 

The goal of this Special Issue is to bring together current developments in flexible supercapacitors, with an emphasis on flexible active platforms enabled by graphene nanocomposite materials. The scope also includes fabrication strategies of flexible/stretchable supercapacitors, new device design, integration, and their implementations in different applications. The list of topics this Special Issue covers includes but is not limited to the following:

  • Flexible/stretchable supercapacitors;
  • Metal-oxides-based graphene nanocomposites;
  • Polymers-based graphene nanocomposites;
  • Nanocomposites based on graphene and related materials;
  • Hybrid graphene nanocomposites with functionalization/doping;
  • Synthesis techniques for flexible supercapacitors;
  • Engineering strategies for flexible supercapacitors;
  • MEMS-based flexible supercapacitors;
  • Self-powered sensors coupled with supercapacitors;
  • The state of the art and forthcoming prospects: problems and potential solutions.

Prof. Dr. Prashant Shivaji Shewale
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • flexible/stretchable supercapacitors
  • graphene and related materials-based nanocomposites
  • surface functionalization/doping
  • novel synthesis
  • characterization
  • engineering
  • integration
  • wearable

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 7415 KiB  
Article
Highly Conductive and Reusable Cellulose Hydrogels for Supercapacitor Applications
by Nujud Mohammed Badawi, Khalid Mujasam Batoo, Ramesh Subramaniam, Ramesh Kasi, Sajjad Hussain, Ahamad Imran and Muthumareeswaran Muthuramamoorthy
Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14071461 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1294
Abstract
We report Na-Alginate-based hydrogels with high ionic conductivity and water content fabrication using poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT): poly (4-styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) and a hydrogel matrix based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO was incorporated within the PEDOT:PSS hydrogel. A hydrogel with higher conductivity [...] Read more.
We report Na-Alginate-based hydrogels with high ionic conductivity and water content fabrication using poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT): poly (4-styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) and a hydrogel matrix based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO was incorporated within the PEDOT:PSS hydrogel. A hydrogel with higher conductivity was created through the in-situ synthesis of intra-Na-Alginate, which was then improved upon by H2SO4 treatment. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to examine the surface morphology of the pure and synthetic hydrogel. Structural analysis was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which examines thermal properties, was also used. A specific capacitance of 312 F/g at 80 mV/s (energy density of 40.58 W/kg at a power density of 402.20 W/kg) at 100 DC mA/g was achieved by the symmetric Na-Alginate/PEDOT:PSS based flexible supercapacitor. The electrolyte achieved a higher ionic conductivity of 9.82 × 10−2 and 7.6 × 10−2 Scm−1 of Na-Alginate and a composite of Na-Alginate/PEDOT:PSS at 25 °C. Furthermore, the supercapacitor Na-Alginate/PEDOT:PSS//AC had excellent electrochemical stability by showing a capacity retention of 92.5% after 3000 continuous charge–discharge cycles at 10 mA current density. The Na- Alginate/PEDOT:PSS hydrogel displayed excellent flexibility and self-healing after re-contacting the two cut hydrogel samples of electrolyte for 90 min because of the dynamic cross-linking network efficiently dissipated energy. The illumination of a light-emitting diode (LED) verified the hydrogel’s capacity for self-healing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Nanocomposite-Based Flexible Supercapacitors)
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11 pages, 5646 KiB  
Article
Highly Uniform Multi-Layers Reduced Graphene Oxide/Poly-2-aminobenzene-1-thiol Nanocomposite as a Promising Two Electrode Symmetric Supercapacitor under the Effect of Absence and Presence of Porous-Sphere Polypyrrole Nanomaterial
by Mohamed Rabia, Asmaa M. Elsayed, Ahmed M. Salem and Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser
Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14071424 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 780
Abstract
A uniform and highly porous reduced graphene oxide/poly-2-aminobenzene-1-thiol multi-layer (R-GO/P2ABT-ML) nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized. The uniform layer structure and porosity of the nanocomposite, combined with its conductivity, make it an ideal candidate for use as a pseudo supercapacitor. To enhance the capacitance [...] Read more.
A uniform and highly porous reduced graphene oxide/poly-2-aminobenzene-1-thiol multi-layer (R-GO/P2ABT-ML) nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized. The uniform layer structure and porosity of the nanocomposite, combined with its conductivity, make it an ideal candidate for use as a pseudo supercapacitor. To enhance the capacitance behavior, a porous ball structure polypyrrole (PB-Ppy) was incorporated into the nanocomposite. When tested at 0.2 A/g, the capacitance values of the R-GO/P2ABT-ML and R-GO/P2ABT-ML/PB-Ppy were found to be 19.6 F/g and 92 F/g, respectively, indicating a significant increase in capacitance due to the addition of PB-Ppy. The energy density was also found to increase from 1.18 Wh.kg−1 for R-GO/P2ABT-ML to 5.43 Wh.kg−1 for R-GO/P2ABT-ML/PB-Ppy. The stability of the supercapacitor was found to be significantly enhanced by the addition of PB-Ppy. The retention coefficients at 100 and 500 charge cycles for R-GO/P2ABT-ML/PB-Ppy were 95.6% and 85.0%, respectively, compared to 89% and 71% for R-GO/P2ABT-ML without PB-Ppy. Given the low cost, mass production capability, and easy fabrication process of this pseudo capacitor, it holds great potential for commercial applications. Therefore, a prototype of this supercapacitor can be expected to be synthesized soon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Nanocomposite-Based Flexible Supercapacitors)
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20 pages, 8653 KiB  
Article
Natural Solid-State Hydrogel Electrolytes Based on 3D Pure Cotton/Graphene for Supercapacitor Application
by Nujud Badawi Mohammed, Khalid Mujasam Batoo, Sajjad Hussain, Ramesh Subramaniam, Ramesh Kasi, Mrutunjaya Bhuyan, Ahamad Imran and Muthumareeswaran Muthuramamoorthy
Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14071379 - 05 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1447
Abstract
A conductive cotton hydrogel with graphene and ions can come into contact with electrodes in solid electrolytes at the molecular level, leading to a more efficient electrochemical process in supercapacitors. The inherently soft nature of cotton mixed with hydrogel provides superior flexibility of [...] Read more.
A conductive cotton hydrogel with graphene and ions can come into contact with electrodes in solid electrolytes at the molecular level, leading to a more efficient electrochemical process in supercapacitors. The inherently soft nature of cotton mixed with hydrogel provides superior flexibility of the electrolyte, which benefits the devices in gaining high flexibility. Herein, we report on the current progress in solid-state hydrogel electrolytes based on 3D pure cotton/graphene and present an overview of the future direction of research. The ionic conductivity of a complex hydrogel significantly increased by up to 13.9 × 10−3 S/cm at 25 °C, due to the presence of graphene, which increases ionic conductivity by providing a smooth pathway for the transport of charge carriers and the polymer. Furthermore, the highest specific capacitance of 327 F/g at 3 mV/s was achieved with cyclic voltammetry measurement and a galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement showed a peak value of 385.4 F/g at 100 mA/g current density. Furthermore, an electrochemical analysis demonstrated that a composite cotton/graphene-based hydrogel electrolyte is electrically stable and could be used for the design of next-generation supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Nanocomposite-Based Flexible Supercapacitors)
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9 pages, 2735 KiB  
Article
Flower-Shaped CoS-Co2O3/G-C3N4 Nanocomposite for Two-Symmetric-Electrodes Supercapacitor of High Capacitance Efficiency Examined in Basic and Acidic Mediums
by Mohamed Rabia, Doaa Essam, Fatemah H. Alkallas, Mohamed Shaban, Samira Elaissi and Amira Ben Gouider Trabelsi
Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13122234 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 1782
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (G-C3N4) was synthesized through the direct combustion of urea in the air. The CoS-Co2O3/G-C3N4 composite was synthesized via the hydrothermal method of G-C3N4 using cobalt salts. The morphological and chemical structures were determined through XRD, XPS, [...] Read more.
Graphitic carbon nitride (G-C3N4) was synthesized through the direct combustion of urea in the air. The CoS-Co2O3/G-C3N4 composite was synthesized via the hydrothermal method of G-C3N4 using cobalt salts. The morphological and chemical structures were determined through XRD, XPS, SEM, and TEM. XRD and XPS analyses confirmed the chemical structure, function groups, and elements percentage of the prepared nanocomposite. SEM measurements illustrated the formation of G-C3N4 sheets, as well as the flower shape of the CoS-Co2O3/G-C3N4 composite, evidenced through the formation of nano appendages over G-C3N4 sheets. TEM confirmed the 2D nanosheets of G-C3N4 with an average width and length of 80 nm and 170 nm, respectively. Two symmetric electrodes for the supercapacitor from the CoS-Co2O3/G-C3N4 composite. Electrochemical measurements were carried out to determine the charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, stability, and impedance of the prepared supercapacitor. The measurements were carried out under acid (0.5 M HCL) and basic (6.0 M NaOH) mediums. The charge and discharge lifetime values in the acid and base medium were 85 and 456 s, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry behavior was rectangular in a base medium for the pseudocapacitance feature. The supercapacitor had 100% stability retention up to 600 cycles; then, the stability decreased to 98.5% after 1000 cycles. The supercapacitor displayed a specific capacitance (CS) of 361 and 92 F/g, and an energy density equal to 28.7 and 30.2 W h kg−1 in the basic and acidic mediums, respectively. Our findings demonstrate the capabilities of supercapacitors to become an alternative solution to batteries, owing to their easy and low-cost manufacturing technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Nanocomposite-Based Flexible Supercapacitors)
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9 pages, 2389 KiB  
Article
Petal-like NiS-NiO/G-C3N4 Nanocomposite for High-Performance Symmetric Supercapacitor
by Amira Ben Gouider Trabelsi, Doaa Essam, Fatemah H. Alkallas, Ashour M. Ahmed and Mohamed Rabia
Micromachines 2022, 13(12), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13122134 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (G-C3N4) and NiS-NiO/G-C3N4 nanocomposite have been synthesized via combustion and hydrothermal techniques, respectively. The chemical and morphological properties of these materials were confirmed using different analytical methods. SEM confirms the formation of G-C3N4 sheets containing additional petal-like shapes of NiS-NiO [...] Read more.
Graphitic carbon nitride (G-C3N4) and NiS-NiO/G-C3N4 nanocomposite have been synthesized via combustion and hydrothermal techniques, respectively. The chemical and morphological properties of these materials were confirmed using different analytical methods. SEM confirms the formation of G-C3N4 sheets containing additional petal-like shapes of NiS-NiO nanoparticles. The electrochemical testing of NiS-NiO/G-C3N4 symmetric supercapacitors is carried out from 0.6 M HCl electrolyte. Such testing includes charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, impedance, and supercapacitor stability. The charge/discharge time reaches 790 s at 0.3 A/g, while the cyclic voltammetry curve forms under a high surface area. The produced specific capacitance (CS) and energy density values are 766 F/g and 23.55 W.h.kg−1, correspondingly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Nanocomposite-Based Flexible Supercapacitors)
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