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Micromachines
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Microdevices and Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Applications
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Microdevices and Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Applications

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "C：Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 1941

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tejaswi Tanaji Salunkhe

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Interests: electrode materials and sensors; lithium ion battery; dual ion battery; sodium ion battery; electrolyte additive for battery application
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Il Tae Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
Interests: secondary batteries; fuel cells; electrode materials; smart binder; electrolytes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, titled “Microdevices and Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Applications”, highlights the critical intersection between microscale engineering and advanced electrochemical systems. As electrochemical technologies evolve to meet the demands of next-generation energy storage and sensing systems, the development of innovative microdevices and tailored microelectrode materials is essential. This Special Issue invites contributions that explore breakthroughs in electrode materials, electrolytes, and functional interfaces relevant to lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and dual-ion batteries, as well as fuel cells and smart sensing platforms. Of particular interest are studies on smart binders, electrolyte additives, and nanostructured materials that enhance electrochemical performance and device miniaturization. By bridging materials science with microscale fabrication, this Special Issue aims to accelerate advancements in compact, efficient, and high-performance energy and sensing technologies.

This Special Issue features research papers, communications, and review articles that focus on the novel design, fabrication, and modeling of electrodes and microdevices in electrochemical applications, exploring how novel electrode materials and fabrication techniques are shaping the next generation of electrochemical devices and applications. We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Tejaswi Tanaji Salunkhe
Prof. Dr. Il Tae Kim
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrode materials
  • microdevices
  • electrochemical applications
  • electrosynthesis
  • electrolysis
  • batteries
  • sensors

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 7891 KB  
Article
Synergistic Enhancement of WO3@Co3O4 Layered Supercapacitors via PAA-Directed Electrodeposition: A Comparative Polymer Strategy with HMTA Surfactant
by Pritam J. Morankar and Chan-Wook Jeon
Micromachines 2026, 17(4), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17040407 - 26 Mar 2026
Viewed by 327
Abstract
In this study, a novel layered WO3@Co3O4 composite electrode was synthesized via a controlled electrodeposition method employing different surfactants to finely tune its nanostructure. The incorporation of polyacrylic acid (PAA) surfactant yielded an optimized P-W@Co electrode with a [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel layered WO3@Co3O4 composite electrode was synthesized via a controlled electrodeposition method employing different surfactants to finely tune its nanostructure. The incorporation of polyacrylic acid (PAA) surfactant yielded an optimized P-W@Co electrode with a hierarchical porous morphology and reduced crystallite size, markedly enhancing electroactive site exposure and electron transport. Structural analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of WO3 and crystalline spinel Co3O4 phases forming an integrated composite architecture. Electrochemical characterizations in a three-electrode system revealed that the P-W@Co electrode exhibited superior pseudocapacitive behavior, with an areal capacitance of 11.70 F/cm2 at 20 mA/cm2 and excellent rate capability, retaining 80% capacitance at 40 mA/cm2. Kinetic studies demonstrated enhanced diffusion-controlled charge storage attributed to improved ion accessibility and charge transfer kinetics. To evaluate practical feasibility, asymmetric supercapacitor devices incorporating P-W@Co as the positive electrode coupled with activated carbon as the negative electrode were fabricated. This device showcased a widened operational voltage (1.5 V), outstanding areal capacitance (211 mF/cm2), and energy density (0.066 mWh/cm2). Importantly, the device exhibited exceptional cycling stability, retaining 81.8% capacitance after 7000 cycles. This work signifies a major advancement in surfactant-mediated design of WO3@Co3O4 layered electrodes for scalable, high-performance supercapacitor applications, combining structural stability, enhanced conductivity, and multifaceted charge storage mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microdevices and Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Applications)
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19 pages, 14641 KB  
Article
Moisture-Controlled Electrolyte Engineering Enables Durable Calcium-Ion Batteries
by Yeon Jwoong Kim, Tejaswi Tanaji Salunkhe and Il Tae Kim
Micromachines 2026, 17(4), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17040390 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 303
Abstract
Calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) offer several advantages. CIBs are viable alternatives to lithium-based battery systems owing to the natural abundance, low cost, and high volumetric capacity of calcium. However, their development has been severely constrained by electrolyte instability and water sensitivity. We conducted a [...] Read more.
Calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) offer several advantages. CIBs are viable alternatives to lithium-based battery systems owing to the natural abundance, low cost, and high volumetric capacity of calcium. However, their development has been severely constrained by electrolyte instability and water sensitivity. We conducted a systematic examination of Ca(ClO4)2 and Ca(PF6)2 electrolytes, focusing on low-cost salt production, solvent selection, and stringent dehydration procedures. Acetonitrile (ACN) was the ideal solvent for high salt solubility and reversible Ca2+ electrochemistry, while carbonate solvents failed rapidly. We found that even a small amount of moisture in the electrolyte significantly affected the electrochemical performance. This study improved the dehydration process by using 3 Å molecular sieve (MS3A) and vacuum drying to reduce moisture to ppm levels, stabilizing the electrolyte. Prussian blue (PB) half cells exhibited reversible capacities of up to ≈95 mAh g−1, whereas PB-hard carbon full cells utilizing dried Ca(ClO4)2 showed stable cycling over 240 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of ≈99% and capacity loss of only ≈17%. This study establishes a moisture-controlled electrolyte as a critical enabler for practical CIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microdevices and Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Applications)
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20 pages, 4253 KB  
Article
Construction of Highly Active Interfaces on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes via Controllable Electrochemical Exfoliation for High-Performance Flexible Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensing
by Wenjing Xue, Ziyan Chen, Xiao Peng, Haocheng Yin, Yimeng Zhang and Yuming Zhang
Micromachines 2026, 17(2), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17020251 - 16 Feb 2026
Viewed by 347
Abstract
Enzyme-free flexible glucose sensors hold great promise in the field of wearable health monitoring. However, their performance is limited by the balance between the catalytic interface activity and stability. This paper reports a strategy for interface gradient roughening of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) [...] Read more.
Enzyme-free flexible glucose sensors hold great promise in the field of wearable health monitoring. However, their performance is limited by the balance between the catalytic interface activity and stability. This paper reports a strategy for interface gradient roughening of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) via controllable electrochemical exfoliation (EE). It systematically reveals the inherent relationships among the degree of EE treatment, electrode morphology, surface chemistry, and electrochemical performance. On this basis, the deposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with high density and uniform distribution is achieved, and a high-performance flexible enzyme-free glucose sensor is constructed. The study finds that EE treatment can significantly increase the true surface area of the electrode and introduce abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, thus effectively reducing the charge transfer resistance. Nevertheless, excessive exfoliation leads to the degradation of the conductive network, indicating the existence of a critical “performance window”. The EE-SPCE optimized with 150 cycles has both a high active area and good electrical conductivity, providing an ideal deposition substrate for AuNPs, increasing their distribution density by approximately 158% and reducing the average particle size to 125 nm. The fabricated AuNPs/EE-SPCE sensor exhibits excellent performance in glucose detection: it has a high sensitivity of 550.766 μA·mM−1·cm−2 in the range of 0.1–3 mM, a detection limit of 0.0998 mM, a wide linear range, excellent selectivity, long-term stability, and good mechanical flexibility. This research not only develops an efficient and scalable method for constructing flexible sensing interfaces but also clarifies the trade-off relationship among “roughening–conductivity–catalytic performance” at the mechanistic level, providing an important theoretical basis and a general strategy for rationally designing high-performance flexible electrochemical devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microdevices and Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Applications)
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23 pages, 5481 KB  
Article
Dual Surfactant-Assisted Hydrothermal Engineering of Co3V2O8 Nanostructures for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors
by Pritam J. Morankar, Aditya A. Patil, Aviraj Teli and Chan-Wook Jeon
Micromachines 2025, 16(12), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16121334 - 27 Nov 2025
Viewed by 564
Abstract
This study presents a dual surfactant-assisted hydrothermal approach for the synthesis of Co3V2O8 (CoVO) nanostructures and their surfactant-modified derivatives, PVP-assisted Co3V2O8 (P-CoVO) and PVP–SDS co-assisted Co3V2O8 (P/S-CoVO), which [...] Read more.
This study presents a dual surfactant-assisted hydrothermal approach for the synthesis of Co3V2O8 (CoVO) nanostructures and their surfactant-modified derivatives, PVP-assisted Co3V2O8 (P-CoVO) and PVP–SDS co-assisted Co3V2O8 (P/S-CoVO), which were directly grown on nickel foam. The use of PVP and SDS enabled controlled nucleation and growth, yielding a hierarchical nanoflower-like morphology in P/S-CoVO with increased porosity, a higher surface area, and uniform structural features. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization confirmed that surfactant incorporation effectively modulated particle size, dispersion, and active-site availability. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that P/S-CoVO exhibited superior performance, with the largest CV area, low equivalent series resistance (0.52 Ω), and a maximum areal capacitance of 13.71 F cm−2 at 8 mA cm−2, attributable to rapid redox kinetics and efficient ion transport. The electrode also showed excellent cycling stability, retaining approximately 83.7% of its initial capacitance after 12,000 charge–discharge cycles, indicating robust structural integrity and interfacial stability. Additionally, an asymmetric supercapacitor device (P/S-CoVO//AC) delivered a high energy density of 0.082 mWh cm−2, a power density of 1.25 mW cm−2, and stable operation within a 1.5 V potential window. These results demonstrate that cooperative surfactant engineering provides an effective and scalable strategy to enhance the morphology, electrochemical kinetics, and durability of Co3V2O8-based electrodes for next-generation high-performance supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microdevices and Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Applications)
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