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Medicina
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Advanced Research in Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology
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Advanced Research in Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Epidemiology & Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 2740

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Dnyandev Gadhave

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Pune, India
Interests: nintedanib; PLGA nanoparticles; high-pressure homogenization; scalable; inhalation; nebulizers

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Clinical pharmacology and epidemiology are two interrelated disciplines that play a pivotal role in understanding drug effects, optimizing therapeutic strategies, and assessing population health outcomes. Over the years, advancements in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenomics have transformed drug development and personalized medicine.

The focus is on translating preclinical research to clinical application by integrating clinical pharmacology with epidemiological methodologies to enhance therapeutic outcomes and drive evidence-based medicine. The scope includes novel experimental approaches, real-world data analyses, and computational models that bridge the gap between bench science and clinical application. 

This Special Issue will showcase emerging trends such as, translational drug and formulation development process, preclinical and clinical evidences on pharmacology, drug safety, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacogenomics, precision medicine, clinical relevance of emerging nanoplatforms and biomarkers, AI and machine learning-based drug development processes.

We invite submissions of original research, comprehensive review, and cutting-edge methodologies. Areas of interest include preclinical research on drug and formulation development, drug delivery, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling, comparative effectiveness and safety studies, population based drug assessment and utilization studies, reviews correlating drug development process and preclinical/clinical pharmacology, epidemiology-based pharmacological assessment, new studies report pharmacovigilance, and application of AI based applications and methodologies in pharmacology research.  

Dr. Dnyandev Gadhave
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • clinical pharmacology
  • epidemiology
  • pharmacokinetics
  • pharmacodynamics
  • drug delivery

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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16 pages, 806 KB  
Article
National Utilization and Expenditure Trends of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual GLP-1/GIP Agonist in Croatia, 2017–2024
by Mate Car, Damir Erceg, Mario Udovičić, Tomislav Bokun and Dario Rahelić
Medicina 2025, 61(12), 2210; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61122210 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1179
Abstract
Background and Objectives: GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs; ATC A10BJ) and dual GLP-1/GIP agonist (ATC A10BX16) have expanded rapidly due to strong evidence in type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Their high acquisition costs and accelerating uptake [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs; ATC A10BJ) and dual GLP-1/GIP agonist (ATC A10BX16) have expanded rapidly due to strong evidence in type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Their high acquisition costs and accelerating uptake make them key drivers of pharmaceutical expenditure. This study quantified national utilization and expenditure trends for antihyperglycemic drugs in Croatia (2017–2024), with a focus on GLP-1 RA and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists. Materials and Methods: Aggregate national data on dispensed medicines, valued at wholesale pharmacy prices, were obtained from HALMED’s annual ATC/DDD reports. Utilization was expressed as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DDD/1000/day). We analyzed the total A10 and key subclasses. The dual GLP-1/GIP agonist was only marketed in 2024. Compound annual growth rates (CAGR) were calculated. Results: The total antihyperglycemic utilization increased from 66.9 to 96.8 DDD/1000/day (a 44.7% rise), while the total A10 expenditure increased from EUR 54.2 million to EUR 96.5 million, indicating that expenditure growth outpaced utilization growth. GLP-1 receptor agonist expenditure increased from EUR 5.2 million (2018) to EUR 28.6 million (2024) (CAGR 33.0%), reaching 29.8% of total A10 expenditure in 2024. Expenditure for GLP-1-based agents grew faster than their DDD volume because per-DDD acquisition costs are substantially higher than for SGLT-2 inhibitors. These growth patterns are consistent with trajectories reported in higher-uptake EU health systems, suggesting convergence rather than an outlier position for Croatia. Conclusions: Croatia experienced a rapid shift towards GLP-1 RA-based antihyperglycemic pharmacotherapy, with GLP-1-based therapies exerting a disproportionate budget impact. For payers, these surveillance data support budget forecasting and negotiation of pricing and reimbursement conditions; clinicians can use them to benchmark and optimize evidence-aligned prescribing; and policymakers can apply them to monitor the diffusion and fiscal impact of high-cost therapies. Routine national ATC/DDD analysis, complemented by HZZO claims and primary-care datasets, is essential for guiding future pricing, reimbursement and formulary decisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology)
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11 pages, 503 KB  
Article
Prevalence of Down Syndrome in Croatia in the Period from 2014 to 2024
by Tomislav Benjak, Ana Vuljanić, Željka Draušnik, Irena Barišić, Zrinka Mach, Dinka Vuković, Tomislav Đidara, John Patrick Clarke and Gorka Vuletić
Medicina 2025, 61(11), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61111934 - 28 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1155
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) represent a specific and vulnerable population requiring improvements in public health and social policies to ensure equal opportunities, longer life expectancy, and better quality of life. Accurate epidemiological and demographic indicators are essential for [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) represent a specific and vulnerable population requiring improvements in public health and social policies to ensure equal opportunities, longer life expectancy, and better quality of life. Accurate epidemiological and demographic indicators are essential for planning and evaluating interventions. This study aims to assess the prevalence of DS in Croatia from 2014 to 2024, analyzing demographic characteristics and regional distribution. A comparative analysis with international data and a review of national policies related to persons with disabilities and DS are also included. Materials and Methods: Data on the prevalence of DS were collected from the National Registry of Persons with Disabilities, where reporting individuals with DS is mandatory for the realization of legal rights. This ensures high data quality and representativeness. Prevalence per 1000 live births was calculated based on data from the national birth database and the registry. Results: The overall prevalence of DS in Croatia increased from 3.7 to 5.3 per 10,000 population during the observed period, while prevalence among live-born infants ranged from 1.1 to 1.5 per 1000. Males were slightly more represented (52.5%). The most common comorbidities included congenital heart defects. The mean age of individuals with DS was 28 years, with 12 individuals recorded as being older than 65 years and one individual aged 85. Conclusions: The DS prevalence in Croatia is comparable to data from European Union countries. The observed increase in prevalence and in the total number of individuals with disabilities highlights the need for continuous development and adaptation of national policies. As a signatory of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Croatia is actively working to improve its legislative framework and support systems to ensure equal rights and enhance quality of life for individuals with DS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology)
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