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Medicina
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Advances in Colorectal Cancer: From Research to Clinical Practices
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Advances in Colorectal Cancer: From Research to Clinical Practices

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Oncology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2023) | Viewed by 9674

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Carlos Alberto Vaccaro

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Guest Editor
Hereditary Cancer Program (PROCANHE) Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1199ABB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Interests: hereditary cancer syndrome; colorectal cancer; microbiome; epidemiology
Dr. Walter H. Pavicic

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Guest Editor
Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Interests: hereditary cancer syndrome; cancer genomics; epigenetics; genotype-phenotype correlation
Dr. Nicolás Avellaneda

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Guest Editor
Colorectal Surgery Section, General Surgery Department, CEMIC University Hospital, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Interests: colorectal cancer; inflammatory bowel disease; diverticular disease; complex proctology; anal cancer; laparoscopic surgery
Dr. Mev Dominguez-Valentin

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Guest Editor
Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Interests: genetics; epidemiology; cancer risk; lynch syndrome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and lethal disease. The lifetime risk of developing CRC is approximately 1 in 23 for men and 1 in 26 for women. Furthermore, increasing incidence rates are observed in younger adults and in countries undergoing an economic transition. Early CRC detection is a hallmark for successful treatment; however, most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage when the prognosis is poor, and the treatment options are limited. Therefore, this malignancy continues to pose a major challenge to public health.

The risk of developing CRC is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. In the past two decades, there have been significant advances in CRC translational research. Our understanding of cancer genetics and omics has been greatly enhanced by the incredible advances in sequencing technology. In particular, analysis of the gut microbiome of CRC patients revealed their relevant role in disease susceptibility and progression. Further, gut microbiome modulation is being considered as a novel strategy for primary prevention and treatment of the disease. This highlights the importance of modifying lifestyle habits, such as physical activity and nutrition, to reduce the  risk of CRC development. Such factors also play a pivotal role in tertiary prevention.

Implementation of these advances in clinical oncology has greatly improved the molecular diagnostic and clinical follow up of cancer patients as well as prevention and therapeutic decisions, both for sporadic and hereditary disease types. However, despite these latest novelties, according to GLOBOCAN 2020 data and the latest trends, the global burden for CRC will increase to 3.2 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths per year (an increase of 63% and 73%, respectively). These apparently contradictory scenarios are mainly attributed to the gap between basis and translational research and clinical—or daily—practices, which is currently recognized as a major challenge in molecular and genomic medicine, notably in oncology.

Consequently, this Special Issue focuses on, but is not limited to, advances in the topics detailed above for CRC. With this collection of articles, we aim to provide an overview of emerging research (basic, translational and clinical) for this disease and encourage the integration of its findings in daily clinical practices to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this malignancy.

We invite you and your colleagues to submit original research, reviews and case reports articles reporting on this topic. Papers on both high- and especially low-income countries are welcome.

Dr. Carlos Alberto Vaccaro
Dr. Walter H. Pavicic
Dr. Nicolás Avellaneda
Dr. Mev Dominguez-Valentin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • colorectal cancer
  • lynch syndrome
  • familial adenomatous polyposis
  • sporadic disease
  • early diagnosis
  • prevention
  • screening
  • CRC surgery
  • neoadjuvant therapy
  • prognostic and predictive factors

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 3066 KiB  
Article
Herbal Melanin Inhibits Real-Time Cell Proliferation, Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic Proteins and Upregulates Pro-Apoptotic p53 Expression in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 Cancer Cell Lines
by Jothi Ramalingam Rajabathar, Hamad Al-Lohedan, Selvaraj Arokiyaraj, Fathima Mohammed, Dhaifallah M. Al-Dhayan, Norah A. Faqihi and Hassan Al-Saigh
Medicina 2023, 59(12), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122061 - 22 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1093
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cancer is the second-most-important deadly disease in the world, leading to severe socioeconomic consequences and posing a public threat. Consequently, breast and colorectal cancers are significant cancer types that affect women and men more commonly, respectively. Treatment failure or [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Cancer is the second-most-important deadly disease in the world, leading to severe socioeconomic consequences and posing a public threat. Consequently, breast and colorectal cancers are significant cancer types that affect women and men more commonly, respectively. Treatment failure or recurrent diseases frequently occur due to resistance, in addition to the side effects of the currently available anticancer agents. Therefore, in this study, herbal melanin anticancer activity was investigated against human breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and human colorectal (HCT 116) cell proliferation and the expression of downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins and upregulated pro-apoptotic p53. Materials and Methods: MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cells were monitored for their real-time proliferation properties using Xcelligence. Herbal melanin of various concentrations significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell proliferation. Then, the expression of proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins such as p53, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl was studied using Western blotting. Results: The Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expressions were downregulated, while the p53 expression was upregulated after treatment with herbal melanin. Similarly, the expression of apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, XIAP, Survivin, Bid, Bax, p53, Cytochrome C, PARP genes and mRNA was studied after herbal melanin treatment using real-time PCR, which revealed the downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, XIAP and Survivin and the upregulation of Bid, Bax, p53, Cytochrome C and PARP apoptotic protein expression. Also, caspase 3 and 9 expressions were monitored after the treatment with herbal melanin, which revealed the upregulation of both the MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell types. Conclusions: Overall, herbal melanin can be used as an alternative anticancer agent against the MDA-MB-231 and HCT 116 cell types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Colorectal Cancer: From Research to Clinical Practices)
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17 pages, 2010 KiB  
Article
Colorectal Carcinomas: Searching for New Histological Parameters Associated with Lymph Node Metastases
by Aura Jurescu, Adrian Văduva, Octavia Vița, Adelina Gheju, Remus Cornea, Codruța Lăzureanu, Anca Mureșan, Marioara Cornianu, Sorina Tăban and Alis Dema
Medicina 2023, 59(10), 1761; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101761 - 2 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2158
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be an essential public health problem. Our study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of classic prognostic factors and some less-studied histopathological parameters in CRC. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be an essential public health problem. Our study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of classic prognostic factors and some less-studied histopathological parameters in CRC. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study on 71 colorectal carcinoma patients who underwent surgery at the “Pius Brînzeu” County Clinical Emergency Hospital in Timișoara, Romania. We analyzed the classic parameters but also tumor budding (TB), poorly differentiated clusters (PDCs) of cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and the configuration of the tumor border on hematoxylin–eosin slides. Results: A high degree of malignancy (p = 0.006), deep invasion of the intestinal wall (p = 0.003), an advanced stage of the disease (p < 0.0001), lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.0001), perineural invasion (p < 0.0001), high-grade TB (p < 0.0001), high-grade PDCs (p < 0.0001), infiltrative tumor border configuration (p < 0.0001) showed a positive correlation with lymph node metastases. Conclusions: The analyzed parameters positively correlate with unfavorable prognostic factors in CRC. We highlight the value of classic prognostic factors along with a series of less-known parameters that are more accessible and easier to evaluate using standard staining techniques and that could predict the risk of relapse or aggressive evolution in patients with CRC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Colorectal Cancer: From Research to Clinical Practices)
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13 pages, 3462 KiB  
Article
The Expression of Stem Cell Marker LGR5 and Its Coexpression with Β-Catenin in Sporadic Colorectal Carcinoma and Adenoma: A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study
by Eman Mohamed Ahmed, Abeer Said Farag, Mohammed S. Abdelwahed, Mehenaz Hanbazazh, Abdulhadi Samman, Diaa Ashmawy, Nageh Rady Abd-Elhameed, Mohamed Tharwat, Alyaa E. Othman, Taiseer Ahmed Shawky, Radwa Mohamed Attia, Adel Abdelwahid Ibrahim, Sherif Azzam, Mohammed E. A. Elhussiny, Mohamed Nasr, Suhaib Alsayed Naeem, Wagih M. Abd-Elhay, Ahmed Mohammad Ali Alfaifi and Abdulkarim Hasan
Medicina 2023, 59(7), 1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071233 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1815
Abstract
Background: LGR5 is one of the most important stem cell markers for colorectal cancer (CRC), as it potentiates Wnt/Β-catenin signaling. The well-characterized deregulation of Wnt/Β-catenin signaling that occurs during adenoma/carcinoma sequence in CRC renders LGR5 a hopeful therapeutic target. We assessed the [...] Read more.
Background: LGR5 is one of the most important stem cell markers for colorectal cancer (CRC), as it potentiates Wnt/Β-catenin signaling. The well-characterized deregulation of Wnt/Β-catenin signaling that occurs during adenoma/carcinoma sequence in CRC renders LGR5 a hopeful therapeutic target. We assessed the immunohistochemical expression of LGR5 and Β-catenin in normal colonic and tumorous lesions with a clinicopathological correlation. Methods: Tissue blocks and clinical data of 50 selected cases were included: 8 from normal mucosa, 12 cases of adenoma, and 30 cases of CRC, where sections were cut and re-examined and the immunohistochemical technique was conducted using anti-LGR5 and anti-Β-catenin to measure the staining density. Results: There was no expression of LGR5 in normal mucosa compared to samples of adenoma and CRC samples. The association analysis showed that CRC specimens were more likely to have strong LGR5 and Β-catenin expressions than the other two groups (p = 0.048 and p < 0.001, respectively). Specimens with high-grade dysplastic adenoma were more likely to express moderate-to-strong expression of LGR5 and Β-catenin (p = 0.013 and p = 0.036, respectively). In contrast, there were no statistically significant associations between LGR5 and Β-catenin expression with grade and stage. Conclusion: These results suggest and support the possible role of LGR5 as a potential marker of cancer stem cells in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis in addition to a prognostic value for LGR5 and Β-catenin in adenomatous lesions according to immunohistochemical expression density. A potential therapeutic role of LGR5 in CRC is suggested for future studies based on its role in pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Colorectal Cancer: From Research to Clinical Practices)
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Review

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13 pages, 1149 KiB  
Review
Colorectal Cancer: From Risk Factors to Oncogenesis
by Vlad Alexandru Ionescu, Gina Gheorghe, Nicolae Bacalbasa, Alexandru Laurentiu Chiotoroiu and Camelia Diaconu
Medicina 2023, 59(9), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091646 - 12 Sep 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4105
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms, such as abnormal cell proliferation, cell differentiation, resistance to apoptosis, invasion of structures adjacent to colorectal tumor cells, and distant metastasis, are involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. These processes are [...] Read more.
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms, such as abnormal cell proliferation, cell differentiation, resistance to apoptosis, invasion of structures adjacent to colorectal tumor cells, and distant metastasis, are involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. These processes are initiated by the complex interaction of a number of genetic and environmental factors, including sedentary lifestyle, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, or gut microbiota. Despite the significant progress achieved in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with colorectal cancer, there has been recently a noteworthy increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer in individuals below the age of 50 years. Early-onset colorectal cancer has a different frequency of oncogenic mutations, a higher prevalence of mucinous histology, a distinct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation profile, a more distal location, and lower survival rates. A significant improvement in the prognosis of these patients can be achieved through the detection and removal of modifiable risk factors, along with the implementation of personalized screening strategies for individuals at high risk for this malignancy. Furthermore, gaining comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which these risk factors contribute to the process of oncogenesis may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Colorectal Cancer: From Research to Clinical Practices)
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