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Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials
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Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 61297

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jaime Viña

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Oviedo, Edificio Departamental Este, Campus de Viesques, 33203 Gijón, Spain
Interests: composites; mechanical properties; mechanical tests
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the main research lines and work in the field of composites was, is and always will be the improvement of their mechanical properties. The appearance of this type of material was decisive in the evolution of materials due to its high mechanical properties. Although they at first appeared to have only advantages, as time has passed, multiple characterization tests have shown weak points in these materials. An example would be the resistance to interlaminar fracture in a material constituted from the stacking of different layers. For this reason, the mechanical characterization of composites, their improvement, their weak points, and the way in which they can be overcome, for example using nanoparticles, are considered interesting points. In short, all contributions that allow for the dissemination of the best knowledge of this exciting family of materials from the point of view of their mechanical properties will be covered in this Special Issue.

Prof. Jaime Viña
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • composites
  • mechanical properties
  • mechanical tests
  • fracture
  • fatigue

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Published Papers (18 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 3111 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Energy Absorbed by Composite Panels with Honeycomb Aluminum Alloy Core
by Maciej Mogilski, Maciej Jabłoński, Martyna Deroszewska, Robert Saraczyn, Jan Tracz, Michał Kowalik and Witold Rządkowski
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245807 - 19 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1983
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the energy absorbed by composite panels with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) skins and a 5052 aluminum alloy honeycomb core and to compare it to previous research and isotropic material—two 25 × 1.75 mm 1.0562 alloy [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to measure the energy absorbed by composite panels with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) skins and a 5052 aluminum alloy honeycomb core and to compare it to previous research and isotropic material—two 25 × 1.75 mm 1.0562 alloy steel tubes. The panel skins layup consisted of pre-impregnated Pyrofil TR30S 210 gsm 3K 2 × 2 twill oriented in directions 0/90 and −45/45 and having a consolidated thickness of 1 mm or 2 mm. The core consisted of a 15 mm or 20 mm honeycomb oriented along its lengthwise direction. The first test consisted of a three-point bending of specimens supported at a span of 400 mm with a 50 mm radius tubular load applicator in the middle. Second, a perimeter shear test was conducted using a 25 mm diameter punch and a 38 mm diameter hole. The results of the three-point bending test show that the energy absorbed by panels with 1 mm skins was similar to the energy absorbed by the tubes (96 J), which was better than the previously considered panels. In the case of perimeter shear, the average maximum forces for the top and bottom skin were 5.7 kN and 6.6 kN, respectively. For the panel with thicker skins (2 mm), the results were about 2 times higher. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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11 pages, 8127 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Failure Mechanisms in Ceramic Composites as Potential Railway Brake Disc Materials
by Jeongguk Kim
Materials 2020, 13(22), 5141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225141 - 15 Nov 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2454
Abstract
Ceramic composite materials have been efficiently used for high-temperature structural applications with improved toughness by complementing the shortcomings of monolithic ceramics. In this study, the fracture characteristics and fracture mechanisms of ceramic composite materials were studied. The ceramic composite material used in this [...] Read more.
Ceramic composite materials have been efficiently used for high-temperature structural applications with improved toughness by complementing the shortcomings of monolithic ceramics. In this study, the fracture characteristics and fracture mechanisms of ceramic composite materials were studied. The ceramic composite material used in this study is Nicalon ceramic fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites. The tensile failure behavior of two types of ceramic composites with different microstructures, namely, plain-weave and cross-ply composites, was studied. Tensile tests were performed on two types of ceramic composite material specimens. Microstructure analysis using SEM was performed to find out the relationship between tensile fracture characteristics and microstructure. It was found that there was a difference in the fracture mechanism according to the characteristics of each microstructure. In this study, the results of tensile tests, failure modes, failure characteristics, and failure mechanisms were analyzed in detail for two fabric structures, namely, plain-weave and cross-ply structures, which are representative of ceramic matrix composites. In order to help understanding of the fracture process and mechanism, the fracture initiation, crack propagation, and fracture mechanism of each composite material are schematically expressed in a two-dimensional figure. Through these results, it is intended to provide useful information for the design of ceramic composite materials based on the mechanistic understanding of the fracture process of ceramic composite materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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20 pages, 3899 KiB  
Article
Study on the Calculation Method of Stress in Strong Constraint Zones of the Concrete Structure on the Pile Foundation Based on Eshelby Equivalent Inclusion Theory
by Min Yuan, Dan Zhou, Jian Chen, Xia Hua and Sheng Qiang
Materials 2020, 13(17), 3815; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173815 - 29 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1604
Abstract
In view of the strong constraint zones of the concrete structure on the pile foundation, there are some differences between the calculation results of the isotropic equivalent pile foundation by the volume replacement ratio method and the actual engineering. In this paper, referring [...] Read more.
In view of the strong constraint zones of the concrete structure on the pile foundation, there are some differences between the calculation results of the isotropic equivalent pile foundation by the volume replacement ratio method and the actual engineering. In this paper, referring to the relevant algorithm of rock mass with anchor, the anchor and rock mass are, respectively, compared to pile and surrounding soil foundation. Eshelby equivalent inclusion theory is introduced into the equivalent mechanical model of soil foundation with pile, and a new equivalent pile foundation algorithm considering anisotropic elastic constant is compiled by Fortran. Three kinds of calculation methods are used to calculate the stress field of the concrete structure of the large pump station on the pile foundation during the construction period, and the stress in the strong constraint zones of the concrete structure are mainly analyzed. It is found that the calculation accuracy of Algorithm 3 is the highest, and the calculation results of Algorithm 2 can be modified by the coefficients to achieve the calculation accuracy of Algorithm 3 and the calculation efficiency is actually improved. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is verified by the engineering measured data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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21 pages, 7276 KiB  
Article
The Mechanical Properties of Kevlar Fabric/Epoxy Composites Containing Aluminosilicates Modified with Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts
by Rafał Oliwa
Materials 2020, 13(17), 3726; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173726 - 23 Aug 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5086
Abstract
We investigated the effect of modified aluminosilicates, including bentonite from Armenia (BA) modified with quaternary ammonium salts (BAQAS) and phosphonium salts (BAQPS), on the mechanical properties and morphology of Kevlar/epoxy composites. The Kevlar/epoxy composites containing 1.0 or 3.0 wt.% modified bentonites were fabricated [...] Read more.
We investigated the effect of modified aluminosilicates, including bentonite from Armenia (BA) modified with quaternary ammonium salts (BAQAS) and phosphonium salts (BAQPS), on the mechanical properties and morphology of Kevlar/epoxy composites. The Kevlar/epoxy composites containing 1.0 or 3.0 wt.% modified bentonites were fabricated using the hand lay-up technique. The mechanical properties, including the tensile, flexural, and in-plane shear strength, were tested. Based on the obtained results, we found that the mechanical properties increased with modified bentonite loading. The best results were obtained for composites containing 3 wt.% BAQAS, as most of the mechanical properties were significantly improved (tensile strength 302.9 MPa (+30%), Young’s modulus 16.3 GPa (+17%), flexural modulus 23.4 GPa (+12.5%), in-plane shear strength 22.8 MPa (+24.5%), and in-plane shear modulus 677.2 MPa (+42%)). The obtained improvements in the mechanical properties are attributed to the uniform dispersion of the filler, which was confirmed by the highest increase in the intergallery spacing, from 28.3 Å for BAQAS to 45.1 Å for the composite with 3 wt.% BAQAS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the brittle fracture surface indicated that the addition of modified bentonite to the epoxy matrix changed the morphology of the Kevlar/epoxy/organoclay composites and improved the fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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11 pages, 4455 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on the In-Plane Creep Behavior of a Carbon-Fiber Sheet Molding Compound at Elevated Temperature at Different Stress States
by David Finck, Christian Seidel, Anika Ostermeier, Joachim Hausmann and Thomas Rief
Materials 2020, 13(11), 2545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112545 - 03 Jun 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
The creepage behavior of one thermosetting carbon fiber sheet molding compound (SMC) material was studied applying in-plane loading at 120 °C. Loads were applied in bending, tension and compression test setups at the same in-plane stress level of 47 MPa. Different creep strain [...] Read more.
The creepage behavior of one thermosetting carbon fiber sheet molding compound (SMC) material was studied applying in-plane loading at 120 °C. Loads were applied in bending, tension and compression test setups at the same in-plane stress level of 47 MPa. Different creep strain rates were determined. The creep strain rate in flexural loading was significantly higher than in tensile loading. The test specimens in compression loading collapsed within minutes and no findings regarding the creep strain rates were possible. Overall, it was observed that the thermosetting press resin of this industrially used material had only little creep load bearing capacity at the mentioned temperature when loaded in mixed stress states. The test data has high usage for estimating design limits of structural loaded SMC components at elevated temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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26 pages, 14269 KiB  
Article
Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Lattice Structures with Different Values of Relative Density Made from 316L by Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
by Paweł Płatek, Judyta Sienkiewicz, Jacek Janiszewski and Fengchun Jiang
Materials 2020, 13(9), 2204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092204 - 11 May 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6859
Abstract
Nine variants of regular lattice structures with different relative densities have been designed and successfully manufactured. The produced structures have been subjected to geometrical quality control, and the manufacturability of the implemented selective laser melting (SLM) technique has been assessed. It was found [...] Read more.
Nine variants of regular lattice structures with different relative densities have been designed and successfully manufactured. The produced structures have been subjected to geometrical quality control, and the manufacturability of the implemented selective laser melting (SLM) technique has been assessed. It was found that the dimensions of the produced lattice struts differ from those of the designed struts. These deviations depend on the strut orientation in relation to the specimen-building direction. Additionally, the microstructures and phase compositions of the obtained structures were characterized and compared with those of conventionally produced 316L stainless steel. The microstructure analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed a single austenite phase in the SLM samples. Both a certain broadening and a displacement of the austenite peaks were observed due to residual stresses and a crystallographic texture induced by the SLM process. Furthermore, the mechanical behavior of the lattice structure material has been defined. It was demonstrated that under both quasi-static and dynamic testing, lattice structures with high relative densities are stretch-dominated, whereas those with low relative densities are bending-dominated. Moreover, the linear dependency between the value of energy absorption and relative density under dynamic loading conditions has been established. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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19 pages, 2941 KiB  
Article
Effective Medium Theory for the Elastic Properties of Composite Materials with Various Percolation Thresholds
by Andrei A. Snarskii, Mikhail Shamonin and Pavel Yuskevich
Materials 2020, 13(5), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051243 - 09 Mar 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3496
Abstract
It is discussed that the classical effective medium theory for the elastic properties of random heterogeneous materials is not congruous with the effective medium theory for the electrical conductivity. In particular, when describing the elastic and electro-conductive properties of a strongly inhomogeneous two-phase [...] Read more.
It is discussed that the classical effective medium theory for the elastic properties of random heterogeneous materials is not congruous with the effective medium theory for the electrical conductivity. In particular, when describing the elastic and electro-conductive properties of a strongly inhomogeneous two-phase composite material, the steep rise of effective parameters occurs at different concentrations. To achieve the logical concordance between the cross-property relations, a modification of the effective medium theory of the elastic properties is introduced. It is shown that the qualitative conclusions of the theory do not change, while a possibility of describing a broader class of composite materials with various percolation thresholds arises. It is determined under what conditions there is an elasticity theory analogue of the Dykhne formula for the effective conductivity. The theoretical results are supported by known experiments and show improvement over the existing approach. The introduction of the theory with the variable percolation threshold paves the way for describing the magnetorheological properties of magnetoactive elastomers. A similar approach has been recently used for the description of magneto-dielectric and magnetic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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18 pages, 10947 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study of Utilizing Recycled Fine Aggregate for the Preparation of High Ductility Cementitious Composites
by Dan Ying Gao, Mingyan Lv, Lin Yang, Jiyu Tang, Gang Chen and Yang Meng
Materials 2020, 13(3), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030679 - 03 Feb 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2253
Abstract
Waste concrete was recycled and crushed into fine aggregate to prepare a high ductility cementitious composite (HDCC) in this study, for helping dispose the massive amount of construction waste and for reserving natural resources. Firstly, the features of recycled fine aggregate (RFA) were [...] Read more.
Waste concrete was recycled and crushed into fine aggregate to prepare a high ductility cementitious composite (HDCC) in this study, for helping dispose the massive amount of construction waste and for reserving natural resources. Firstly, the features of recycled fine aggregate (RFA) were analyzed in detail and compared with natural fine aggregate (NFA). After that, the mechanical properties, including compression, flexure, bending and tension, and the microstructure of high ductility cementitious composite (HDCC) prepared with RFA were systematically investigated and compared with that of HDCC prepared with NFA. The results show that, since RFA has a higher water absorption rate and contains 4.86 times as much crush dust as NFA, HDCC with RFA forms a denser matrix and a higher bond between fiber and matrix than HDCC with NFA. Thus, HDCC with RFA has higher compressive, flexural, bending and tensile strength. Meanwhile, the higher bond between the fiber and matrix of HDCC with RFA and the finer particle sizes of RFA can greatly promote the development of multiple cracking. As a result, HDCC with RFA exhibits more remarkable stain hardening, and presents 182.73% higher peak deflection in bending and 183.33% higher peak strain in tension than HDCC with NFA. Finally, with the consideration of fiber volume fraction, the prediction models for the peak strengths of HDCC with RFA were proposed. The prediction results show a good agreement with the test results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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20 pages, 17196 KiB  
Article
Reducing Yield Asymmetry between Tension and Compression by Fabricating ZK60/WE43 Bimetal Composites
by Kangning Zhao, Dexing Xu, Xiao Song, Yingzhong Ma, Hongxiang Li, Jishan Zhang and Daolun Chen
Materials 2020, 13(1), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010249 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3167
Abstract
In this study ZK60/WE43 bimetal composite rods were manufactured by a special method of hot diffusion and co-extrusion. Interface microstructure, deformation mechanism, and yield asymmetry between tension and compression for the composite rods were systematically investigated. It was observed that the salient deformation [...] Read more.
In this study ZK60/WE43 bimetal composite rods were manufactured by a special method of hot diffusion and co-extrusion. Interface microstructure, deformation mechanism, and yield asymmetry between tension and compression for the composite rods were systematically investigated. It was observed that the salient deformation mechanism of the ZK60 constituent was {10-12}<−1011> extension twinning in compression and prismatic slip in tension, and different deformation modes resulted in yield asymmetry between tension and compression. In contrast, the WE43 constituent tends to be more isotropic due to grain refinement, texture weakening, solid-solution and precipitation strengthening, which were deformed via basal slip, prismatic slip, and {10-12}<−1011> extension twinning in both tension and compression. Surprisingly, it was found that yield asymmetry between tension and compression for the ZK60/WE43 composite rods along the extrusion direction was effectively reduced with a compression-to-tension ratio of ~0.9. The strongly bonded interface acting as a stress transfer medium for the ZK60 sleeve and WE43 core exhibited the coordinated deformation behavior. This finding provides an effective method to decrease the yield asymmetry between tension and compression in the extruded magnesium alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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20 pages, 12483 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Hybrid Carbon Nanotubes and Graphite Nanoplatelets on Rheology, Shrinkage, Mechanical, and Microstructure of SCCM
by Furqan Farooq, Arslan Akbar, Rao Arsalan Khushnood, Waqas Latif Baloch Muhammad, Sardar Kashif Ur Rehman and Muhammad Faisal Javed
Materials 2020, 13(1), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010230 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 4192
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) belong to the family of graphite nanomaterials (GNMs) and are promising candidates for enhancing properties of cementitious matrix. However, the problem lies with their improper dispersion. In this paper graphite nanoplatelets are used with carbon nanotubes [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) belong to the family of graphite nanomaterials (GNMs) and are promising candidates for enhancing properties of cementitious matrix. However, the problem lies with their improper dispersion. In this paper graphite nanoplatelets are used with carbon nanotubes for dispersion facilitation of CNTs in cement mortar. The intended role is to use the GNPs particles for dispersion of CNTs and to investigate the synergistic effect of resulting nano-intruded mortar. Mechanical properties such as flexure and compressive strength have been studied along with volumetric stability, rheology, and workability. Varying dosages of CNTs to GNPs have been formulated and were analyzed. The hybrid use of CNTs-GNPs shows promise. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that hybrid CNTs/GNPs are well-suited for use in cement mortar composite performing a dual function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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24 pages, 12734 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Comparative Assessment of Basic Tribological Properties of Selected Polymer Composites
by Jerzy Jozwik, Krzysztof Dziedzic, Marcin Barszcz and Mykhaylo Pashechko
Materials 2020, 13(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010075 - 22 Dec 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4459
Abstract
Phenomena occurring in the contact area between two mating bodies are characterised by high complexity and variability. Comparisons are usually made between parameters such as the coefficient of friction, friction force, wear and temperature in relation to time and friction path. Their correct [...] Read more.
Phenomena occurring in the contact area between two mating bodies are characterised by high complexity and variability. Comparisons are usually made between parameters such as the coefficient of friction, friction force, wear and temperature in relation to time and friction path. Their correct measurement enables the proper evaluation of tribological properties of materials used in the friction pair. This paper concerns the measurements of basic tribological parameters in the friction of selected polymer composites. Knowing the tribological properties of these composite materials, it will be possible to create proper operating conditions for kinematic friction pairs. This study investigated the coefficients of friction, friction force and temperatures of six polymer composites: cast polyamide PA6 G with oil, PA6 G with MoS2, polyoxymethylene POM with aluminium, polyethylene terephthalate PET with polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE, PTFE with bronze, and PTFE with graphite. The friction surface was also examined using an optical system and computer software for 3D measurements. As a result, PA6-G with oil was found to be the best choice as a composite material for thin sliding coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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14 pages, 3737 KiB  
Article
Creep-Induced Screw Preload Loss of Carbon-Fiber Sheet Molding Compound at Elevated Temperature
by David Finck, Christian Seidel, Joachim Hausmann and Thomas Rief
Materials 2019, 12(21), 3598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213598 - 01 Nov 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3455
Abstract
The application of chopped-fiber reinforced polymers in screwed connections at high temperatures raises the question of creep under long-term loading. While up to now thermoplastic materials have mainly been the focus of attention when it comes to creep, this paper shows that thermoset [...] Read more.
The application of chopped-fiber reinforced polymers in screwed connections at high temperatures raises the question of creep under long-term loading. While up to now thermoplastic materials have mainly been the focus of attention when it comes to creep, this paper shows that thermoset carbon-fiber SMCs (sheet mold compounds) can also be affected by this phenomenon. Screwed connections were investigated regarding their loss of preload force at 120 °C ambient temperature. Additionally, strain–time diagrams were recorded at different stress levels at 120 °C in a creep test setup of a universal testing machine by using optical strain tracking of SMC coupons. The transverse modulus under compression in thickness direction was determined in the same test setup. For data application within a FEA (finite element analysis) software power law curves according to Norton–Bailey creep law were fitted in the strain–time graphs. The applicability of the obtained creep law was crosschecked with a test carried out on the loss of preload force of a screwed connection. The developed simulative methodology offers the possibility to simulate various mounting situations of the bolted connection and to investigate measures against the loss of preload force easily. A promising possibility to limit the loss of preload force due to creep was simulatively evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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10 pages, 8466 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Raw Material Property for the Fabrication on Al/CNT Nanocomposite Using a Ball Mill with a Discrete Element Method (DEM) Simulation
by Battsetseg Jargalsaikhan, Amgalan Bor, Jehyun Lee and Heekyu Choi
Materials 2019, 12(20), 3291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203291 - 10 Oct 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1921
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received interest as an attractive reinforcing agent metal matrix composites regarded as an increase to mechanical properties of the final product. Aluminum/carbon nanotubes (Al/CNTs) nanocomposites were observed with different raw material at the optimized experimental condition. In this study, [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received interest as an attractive reinforcing agent metal matrix composites regarded as an increase to mechanical properties of the final product. Aluminum/carbon nanotubes (Al/CNTs) nanocomposites were observed with different raw material at the optimized experimental condition. In this study, Al-based CNTs composites were three different samples, including un-milled Al, un-milled Al with CNTs, and milled Al with CNTs nanocomposites in the presence of additional CNTs with various experimental conditions while using a traditional ball mill (TBM). The particle morphology and CNT dispersions of milled composites were respectively analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and the mechanical properties of the fabricated composites were tested. In each sample, CNTs were well dispersed on the surface of Al powder at different experimental conditions for milling in a TBM. The Al/CNTs nanocomposites were processed by compacting, sintering and rolling process. The Vickers hardness was used to characterize the mechanical properties. The hardness of Al/CNTs nanocomposites that were fabricated with milled Al with CNT was higher than the reached to in the nanocomposites prepared with the use of un-milled Al with CNT nanocomposites. Therefore, the discrete element method (DEM) simulation was used to complete quantitative analysis. The flow pattern, impact force, and energy at various experimental conditions are considered. The results of the simulations are compared with experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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13 pages, 5738 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Tribological Performance of Mesocarbon Microbead–Silicon Carbide Composites
by Xiaojie Wang, Xiumin Yao, Hui Zhang, Xuejian Liu and Zhengren Huang
Materials 2019, 12(19), 3127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193127 - 25 Sep 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2123
Abstract
Mesocarbon microbead–silicon carbide (MCMB–SiC) composites with 0–30 wt % MCMBs were prepared by pressureless sintering (PLS) method at 2200 °C in Ar. The microstructure and tribological properties of the prepared composites were investigated. The results show that there was a finer grain size [...] Read more.
Mesocarbon microbead–silicon carbide (MCMB–SiC) composites with 0–30 wt % MCMBs were prepared by pressureless sintering (PLS) method at 2200 °C in Ar. The microstructure and tribological properties of the prepared composites were investigated. The results show that there was a finer grain size of SiC with the increase in MCMB content because MCMBs hinder the growth of SiC grains. The hardness of the composites decreased with increasing MCMB content, whereas the fracture toughness fluctuated showing a complex trend. The tribological properties of the composites under dry friction conditions were evaluated using the pin-on-disk method against a SiC counterpart. We found that the tribological properties of the samples were influenced by the oxide film or lubricating film that formed during the wear process on wear surfaces. Different wear mechanisms were found to be associated with differing MCMB contents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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14 pages, 3040 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Compounding Conditions of Polyamide 6, Carbon Fiber, and Al2O3 on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Composite Polymer
by Young Shin Kim, Jae Kyung Kim and Euy Sik Jeon
Materials 2019, 12(18), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183047 - 19 Sep 2019
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2954
Abstract
Among the composite manufacturing methods, injection molding has higher time efficiency and improved processability. The production of composites via injection molding requires a pre-process to mix and pelletize the matrix polymer and reinforcement material. Herein, we studied the effect of extrusion process conditions [...] Read more.
Among the composite manufacturing methods, injection molding has higher time efficiency and improved processability. The production of composites via injection molding requires a pre-process to mix and pelletize the matrix polymer and reinforcement material. Herein, we studied the effect of extrusion process conditions for making pellets on the mechanical and thermal properties provided by injection molding. Polyamide 6 (PA6) was used as the base, and composites were produced by blending carbon fibers and Al2O3 as the filler. To determine the optimum blending ratio, the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and melt flow index (MI) were measured at various blending ratios. With this optimum blending ratio, pellets were produced by changing the temperature and RPM conditions, which are major process variables during compounding. Samples were fabricated by applying the same injection conditions, and the mechanical strength, MI values, and thermal properties were measured. The mechanical strength increased slightly as the temperature and RPM increased, and the MI and thermal conductivity also increased. The results of this study can be used as a basis for specifying the conditions of the mixing and compounding process such that the desired mechanical and thermal properties are obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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14 pages, 3422 KiB  
Article
Investigation about the Effect of Manufacturing Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of Natural Fibre Nonwovens Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
by Imen Gnaba, Peng Wang, Damien Soulat, Fatma Omrani, Manuela Ferreira and Philippe Vroman
Materials 2019, 12(16), 2560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162560 - 11 Aug 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4035
Abstract
To date, nonwoven fabrics made with natural fibres and thermoplastic commingled fibres have been extensively used in the composite industry for a wide variety of applications. This paper presents an innovative study about the effect of the manufacturing parameters on the mechanical behaviour [...] Read more.
To date, nonwoven fabrics made with natural fibres and thermoplastic commingled fibres have been extensively used in the composite industry for a wide variety of applications. This paper presents an innovative study about the effect of the manufacturing parameters on the mechanical behaviour of flax/PP nonwoven reinforced composites. The mechanical properties of nonwoven fabric reinforced composites are related directly to the ones of dry nonwoven reinforcements, which depend strongly on the nonwoven manufacturing parameters, such as the needle-punching and areal densities. Consequently, the influence of these manufacturing parameters will be analysed through the tensile and flexural properties. The results demonstrated that the more areal density the nonwoven fabric has, the more the mechanical behaviour can be tested for composites. By contrast, it has a complex influence on needle-punching density on the load-strain and bending behaviours at the composite scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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25 pages, 3711 KiB  
Article
A Refined Simple First-Order Shear Deformation Theory for Static Bending and Free Vibration Analysis of Advanced Composite Plates
by Hoang Nam Nguyen, Tran Thi Hong, Pham Van Vinh, Nguyen Dinh Quang and Do Van Thom
Materials 2019, 12(15), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152385 - 26 Jul 2019
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4332
Abstract
A refined simple first-order shear deformation theory is developed to investigate the static bending and free vibration of advanced composite plates such as functionally graded plates. By introducing the new distribution shape function, the transverse shear strain and shear stress have a parabolic [...] Read more.
A refined simple first-order shear deformation theory is developed to investigate the static bending and free vibration of advanced composite plates such as functionally graded plates. By introducing the new distribution shape function, the transverse shear strain and shear stress have a parabolic distribution across the thickness of the plates, and they equal zero at the surfaces of the plates. Hence, the new refined theory needs no shear correction factor. The Navier solution is applied to investigate the static bending and free vibration of simply supported advanced composite plates. The proposed theory shows an improvement in calculating the deflections and frequencies of advanced composite plates. The formulation and transformation of the present theory are as simple as the simple first-order shear deformation. The comparisons of deflection, axial stresses, transverse shear stresses, and frequencies of the plates obtained by the proposed theory with published results of different theories are carried out to show the efficiency and accuracy of the new theory. In addition, some discussions on the influence of various parameters such as the power-law index, the slenderness ratio, and the aspect ratio are carried out, which are useful for the design and testing of advanced composite structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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18 pages, 7895 KiB  
Article
Design and Development of Hybrid Al2O3 Based Composites with Toughening and Self-Lubricating Second-Phase Inclusions
by Syed Sohail Akhtar, Taha Waqar, Abbas Saeed Hakeem, Abul Fazal M. Arif and Khaled Saleh Al-Athel
Materials 2019, 12(15), 2378; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152378 - 25 Jul 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2863
Abstract
Polycrystalline ceramics, such as alumina (Al2O3), are brittle and they generally wear by fracture mechanism, which limits their potential in tribological applications. In the present work, computational design tools are used to develop hybrid Al2O3 composites [...] Read more.
Polycrystalline ceramics, such as alumina (Al2O3), are brittle and they generally wear by fracture mechanism, which limits their potential in tribological applications. In the present work, computational design tools are used to develop hybrid Al2O3 composites reinforced with best combinations of toughening and self-lubricating second-phase particles for cutting tool inserts in dry machining applications. A mean-field homogenization approach and J-integral based fracture toughness models are employed to predict the effective structural properties (such as elastic modulus and fracture toughness) and related to the intrinsic attributes of second- phase inclusions in Al2O3 matrix. Silicon carbide (SiC), boron nitride (cBN and hBN), zirconia (ZrO2), graphite, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and titanium carbide (TiC) were found the most suitable candidates to be added in Al2O3 matrix as individual or hybrid combinations. A series of samples including standalone Al2O3, single inclusion composites (Al2O3/SiC, Al2O3/cBN) and hybrid composites (Al2O3/SiC/cBN, Al2O3/SiC/TiO2 and Al2O3/SiC/graphite) are sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) for validation purpose. Properties of the sintered composites are measured and compared with the proposed computational material design. Composition and phase transformation of the sintered samples are studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, while their morphology is studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The presented nontraditional material design approach is found to significantly reduce experimental time and cost of materials in developing toughened and anti-friction ceramic composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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