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Dental Biomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2026 | Viewed by 7344

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Dr. Md Sofiqul Islam

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Guest Editor

Department of Operative Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah P.O. Box 12973, United Arab Emirates
Interests: dental ceramics; resin composites; microhardness; surface roughness

Dr. Kusai Baroudi

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Guest Editor

Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
Interests: dental ceramics; resin composites; microhardness; surface roughness
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Dear Colleagues,

Dental biomaterials play a crucial role in modern dentistry, contributing to the development of durable, biocompatible, and esthetically pleasing restorations. Advances in material science have led to innovative dental materials with enhanced mechanical properties, bioactivity, and longevity. The synthesis and characterization of these materials are fundamental in ensuring their clinical success and optimizing their performance in various applications, including restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, orthodontics, and implantology.

This Special Issue of Materials aims to explore the latest advancements in dental biomaterials, focusing on their synthesis, characterization techniques, and clinical applications. Topics of interest include novel composite resins, bioactive ceramics, hybrid polymers, nanomaterials, adhesives, and regenerative biomaterials. Additionally, studies on mechanical behavior, surface modifications, biocompatibility, and the long-term performance of dental materials are welcome.

By bringing together interdisciplinary research, this Special Issue seeks to provide valuable insights into the development of next-generation dental biomaterials that improve patient outcomes and enhance the efficiency of dental treatments. Researchers, material scientists, and dental professionals are invited to contribute original research, reviews, and case studies that highlight emerging trends and innovations in the field.

Dr. Md Sofiqul Islam
Dr. Kusai Baroudi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

dental biomaterials
composite resins
bioactive ceramics
nanomaterials in dentistry
adhesive systems
biocompatibility
surface modification
regenerative materials

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 1819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Two Post-Curing Units on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Resins for Permanent Crown Fabrication

by Mazen Mujayridi, Jukka Matinlinna and Nick Silikas

Materials 2026, 19(9), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19091886 - 3 May 2026

Viewed by 149

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly used for the fabrication of definitive crowns; however, whether specific post-curing hardware is mandatory for clinical success remains a practical concern. This study provided a practical comparison evaluating the effect of two post-curing units on the biaxial flexural strength (BFS), Weibull modulus (m), Martens hardness (HM), indentation modulus (EIT), water sorption (WSP), and water solubility (WSL) of 3D-printed resins for permanent crowns, compared with a conventional resin composite. A total of 200 specimens were fabricated from two 3D-printed resins (Permanent Crown™ and CrownTec™) and a conventional resin composite (Filtek Universal Restorative™) used as a control. The 3D-printed specimens were post-cured using either a Formcure or an Otoflash G171 unit. WSP and WSL were measured after 90 days of water ageing, while BFS, HM, and EIT were evaluated after 24 h of storage using standardised methods. All materials exhibited WSP and WSL values within ISO limits, with the control group showing significantly higher values and superior mechanical properties. Among the 3D-printed resins, post-curing significantly affected only HM and EIT for Permanent Crown™ resin, with no significant differences in BFS. Overall, the tested 3D-printed resins demonstrated high processing stability across different curing protocols, suggesting that clinical performance remains consistent regardless of the post-curing unit used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)

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12 pages, 760 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modified Formulations of Silicate-Based Cements: Comparative Study of Physicochemical Properties

by Mirlyn de Souza Dias, Raimundo Sales de Oliveira Neto, Marcelo Antônio Santos da Silva, Suyane Maria Luna-Cruz, Murilo Priori Alcalde, Rodrigo Ricci Vivan, Antônio Sérgio Bezerra Sombra, Marco Antônio Húngaro Duarte, Pierre Basilio Almeida Fechine and Bruno Carvalho de Vasconcelos

Materials 2026, 19(6), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061083 - 11 Mar 2026

Viewed by 379

Abstract

This study aimed to prepare experimental calcium silicate repair cements (ERCs) incorporating zirconium (Ca₃ZrSi₂O₉; CZS) or strontium substitution (Sr₅(PO₄)₂SiO₄; SPS), and to compare their physicochemical properties with white MTA-Angelus (WMTA), grey MTA-Angelus (GMTA), and Biodentine (BD). After synthesizing the CZS and SPS phases, powder–liquid cements were formulated. The setting time and radiopacity were assessed according to ISO 6876/12 and ASTM C266, the volumetric solubility by micro-CT, the pH by a pH meter, and the calcium/strontium ion release by FAAS/ICP-OES. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (5%). The initial setting time was 11 min for SPS and 6 min for CZS (p < 0.05), while the final setting was significantly longer for SPS (49 min). Both ERCs showed radiopacity above the 3.0 mm Al minimum, with higher values for CZS (4.58 mm Al). The solubility remained controlled, with CZS presenting the highest value (3.09%). Both materials exhibited an alkaline pH, peaking at 24 h (CZS: 9.70; SPS: 10.04) and decreasing until 168 h (CZS: 7.80; SPS: 8.31). Sustained ionic release was observed: CZS showed intermediate calcium release (25.96 mg/L at 3 h), whereas SPS displayed lower values (10.95 mg/L at 168 h), without significant difference from WMTA (p > 0.05). Under these conditions, the experimental ERCs demonstrated adequate physicochemical performance comparable with commercial materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)

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22 pages, 6554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of Novel 3D-Printed Restorative Materials for Definitive Dental Applications

by Moritz Hoffmann, Andrea Coldea and Bogna Stawarczyk

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204662 - 10 Oct 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2512

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties and long-term stability of 3D-printable resins for permanent fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), focusing on whether material performance is influenced by 3D-printer type or by differences in resin formulations. Specimens (N = 621) were printed. CAD/CAM blocks (BRILLIANT Crios) served as control. Flexural strength (FS) with elastic modulus (E_calc), Weibull modulus (m), Martens’ hardness (HM), indentation modulus (EIT), elastic modulus (E_RFDA), shear modulus (G_RFDA), and Poisson’s Ratio (ν) were measured initially, after water storage (24 h, 37 °C), and after thermocycling (5–55 °C, 10,000×). SEM analysis assessed microstructure. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov, ANOVA with Scheffe post hoc, Kruskal–Wallis with Mann–Whitney U, and Weibull statistics with maximum likelihood (α = 0.05). A ceramic crown printed with Midas showed higher FS, HM, and EIT values after thermocycling than with Pro55s, and higher E_calc scores across all aging regimes. A Varseo Smile Crown Plus printed with VarseoXS and AsigaMax showed a higher FS value than TrixPrint2, while AsigaMax achieved the highest initial E_calc and E_RFDA values, and VarseoXS did so after thermocycling. HM, EIT, and G_RFDA were higher for TrixPrint2 and AsigaMax printed specimens, while ν varied by system and aging. 3Delta Crown, printed with AsigaMax, showed the highest FS, E_calc, HM, EIT, and m values after aging. VarseoSmile triniQ and Bridgetec showed the highest E_RFDA and G_RFDA values depending on aging, and Varseo Smile Crown Plus exhibited higher ν initially and post-aging. Printer system and resin formulation significantly influence the mechanical and aging behaviors of 3D-printed FDP materials, underscoring the importance of informed material and printer selection to ensure long-term clinical success. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)

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19 pages, 3819 KB

Open AccessArticle

ZnO/SiO₂ Filler-Incorporated Resin Composites for Vat Photopolymerization of Dental Restorations with Antimicrobial Efficacy

by Jong-Won Jeon, Gyu-Nam Kim, Jae-Min Jung and Young-Hag Koh

Materials 2025, 18(16), 3909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18163909 - 21 Aug 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1820

Abstract

This study aimed to develop dental resin composites containing ZnO/SiO₂ ceramic particles as an antimicrobial filler for producing provisional dental restorations using the lithography-based liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printing technique. Three types of dental resin-ceramic composites with different filler contents (0 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt%) were prepared to offer high antimicrobial efficacy. Printing parameters, particularly off-time, were optimized for each composition to achieve high-quality prints. Mechanical testing demonstrated increased hardness and elastic modulus. In addition, the 10 vol% composite exhibited a three-point flexural strength of 113.4 MPa, exceeding the 100 MPa requirement specified in ISO 4049:2019 for provisional dental materials. Antimicrobial testing showed a significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans colonies, with up to 84.4% decrease for the 10 vol% composite compared to the unfilled resin. A provisional 3-unit bridge was successfully printed using the 10 vol% composite, demonstrating practical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)

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15 pages, 2093 KB

Open AccessArticle

Different Innovative Laser Implants Characteristics Histomorphometric and SEM-EDX Comparison for In Vivo Applications

by Filiberto Mastrangelo, Marco Cicciù, Raimondo Quaresima and Antonio Scarano

Materials 2025, 18(13), 3165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133165 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 842

Abstract

Objectives: In the animal model, we aim to evaluate the bone behavior in two innovative and different laser-treated (L1–L2) titanium implants compared to sandblasted and acid-etched (SBAE) used as control. Materials and Methods: A total of twenty-seven dental implants (8.5 × 3.3 mm) used for the study (Sweden & Martina, Due Carraie Padova-Italy) were placed in three Pelibuey female sheep. Implant surface profilometric, contact angle and EDX analysis were detected. After 15, 30 and 90 days, histological, histomorphometric, SEM-EDX analysis and Bone-to-implant Contact (BIC), Dynamic Osseointegration Index (DOI) and Bone Quality Index (BQI) (as Calcium and Phosphorous atomic percentages ratio) were performed. Results: All surfaces showed relevant profilometric and wettability differences. After 15 days, BIC₁₅ showed great differences in L2 (42.1 ± 2.6) compared to L1 (5.2 ± 3.1) and SBAE (23.3 ± 3.9) as well as after 30 days (L2 (82.4 ± 2.2), L1 (56.2 ± 1.3) and SBAE (77.3 ± 0.4)). After 90 days, relevant lower BIC₉₀ values were detected in L1 (68.4 ± 0.2) compared to L2 (86.4 ± 0.1) and SBAE (86.2 ± 0.6). The DOI showed higher rates of bone growth in L2 after 15 (DOI₁₅ = 2.81) and 30 days (DOI₃₀ = 2.83), compared to L1 (DOI₁₅ = 0.38, DOI₃₀ = 3.40) and SBAE (DOI₁₅ = 1.55, DOI₃₀ = 2.58). The DOI₉₀ drastic slowdown in SBAE (0.96), L1 (0.76), and L2 (0.95) confirmed the Early Osseointegration (EO) as a crucial phase. Moreover, before loading, the lower global BQI in L1 (Ca 44.43 ± 0.08–P 46.14 ± 5.15) and SBAE (Ca 45.31 ± 2.08–P 48.28 ± 1.12) compared to L2 (Ca 79.81 ± 2.08–P 81.85 ± 3.14) allows to assert that osseointegration process and bone healing could not be considered complete if compared to the native bone. Conclusions: The BIC, DOI, and BQI results showed that osseointegration is a dynamic process, confirming the crucial role of surface characteristics able to influence it, especially the early osseointegration (EO) phase. The short-time L2 implants’ higher bone quantity and quality results, compared to L1 and SBAE, suggested the fundamental role of this innovative laser-obtained surface in “secondary stability” and predictable long-term clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)

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