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Materials
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Fundamental Metallurgy: From Impact Solutions to New Insight
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Fundamental Metallurgy: From Impact Solutions to New Insight

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2026 | Viewed by 780

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Adam Cwudziński

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Guest Editor
Department of Metallurgy and Metals Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: iron and steel extractive metallurgy; continuous casting; tundish metallurgy; physical and numerical modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Chao Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
Interests: process modeling; clean steel; inclusions; CFD; physical model; tundish; ladle refining; stainless steel
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metal technologies are important in advanced industries, where iron, aluminium, and copper are used as basic materials. Moreover, many metals are fundamental in the production of microprocessors, catalysts, solid oxide electrolyser cells, and solar panels. In the full production cycle, the basic sources of metals are ores. However, metals are materials that can be completely recovered using multi-stage technologies and used again. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies allow the production of alloys or metals with poli- or mono-crystalline structures. Moreover, on different scales, metal technologies can develop advanced properties for strategic products. Currently, advanced numerical models based on fluid mechanics and thermodynamics offer new insights into improving classical technologies. Moreover, advanced physical simulators are successfully validating numerical model results and, together with industry trials, are paving the way for future solutions.

For this Special Issue, submissions of original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include, but are not limited to, the following: tundish metallurgy, secondary refining, continuous casting, clean steel technologies, refractories, converter and electric arc furnace steelmaking, and metallurgical equipment development. We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Adam Cwudziński
Dr. Chao Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smelting
  • direct reductions
  • treatment technologies
  • casting
  • leaching
  • electrowinning and refining
  • welding
  • spinning
  • deposition technologies
  • atomisation technologies

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1625 KiB  
Communication
Prediction of Multiphase Flow in Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) Reactor
by Han Zhang, Hong Lei, Yuanxin Jiang, Yili Sun, Shuai Zeng and Shifu Chen
Materials 2025, 18(13), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133149 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 271
Abstract
Splashed droplets in the vacuum chamber play an important role in decarburization and degassing in Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH), but the scholars do not pay attention to the behaviors of splashed droplets. Thus, it is necessary to propose a new method to investigate the splashed [...] Read more.
Splashed droplets in the vacuum chamber play an important role in decarburization and degassing in Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH), but the scholars do not pay attention to the behaviors of splashed droplets. Thus, it is necessary to propose a new method to investigate the splashed droplets. A Euler–Euler model and the inter-phase momentum transfer are applied to investigate the interaction between the molten steel and the bubbles, and the gas domain in the vacuum chamber is included in the computational domain in order to describe the movement of the splashed droplets. Numerical results show that the flow field predicted by Euler–Euler model agrees well with the experimental data. There is a higher gas volume fraction near the up-snorkel wall, the “fountain” formed by the upward flow from the up-snorkel exceeds 0.1 m above the free surface, and the center of the vortex between the upward stream and the downward stream is closer to the upward stream in the vacuum chamber. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamental Metallurgy: From Impact Solutions to New Insight)
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15 pages, 4286 KiB  
Article
Numerical Modeling and Thermovision Camera Measurement of Blast Furnace Raceway Dynamics
by Sailesh Kesavan, Joakim Eck, Lars-Erik From, Maria Lundgren, Lena Sundqvist Öqvist and Martin Kjellberg
Materials 2025, 18(13), 3061; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133061 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
The blast furnace (BF) and basic oxygen route account for approximately 70% of the global steel production and create 1.8 tons of CO2 per ton of steel, produced primarily due to the use of coke and pulverized coal (PC) at the BF. [...] Read more.
The blast furnace (BF) and basic oxygen route account for approximately 70% of the global steel production and create 1.8 tons of CO2 per ton of steel, produced primarily due to the use of coke and pulverized coal (PC) at the BF. With global pressure to reduce CO2 emissions, optimization of BF operation is crucial, which is possible through optimizing fuel consumption, and improving process stability. Understanding the complex combustion and flow dynamics in the raceway region is essential for enhancing reducing agent utilization. Modeling plays a key role in predicting these behaviors and providing insights into the process; however, validation of these models is crucial for their reliability but difficult in the complex and hostile BF raceway region. In this study, a validated raceway model developed at Swerim was used to evaluate four different cases, namely R1 (Reference), R2 (Low oxygen to blast), R3 (High blast moisture), and R4 (High PC) using an injection coal from SSAB Oxelösund. During actual experiments, the temperature distribution in the raceway was measured using a thermovision camera (TVC) to validate the CFD simulation results. The combined use aims to cross-validate the results simultaneously to establish a reliable framework for future parametric studies of raceway behavior under varying operational conditions using CFD simulations The results indicated that it is possible to measure the temperature within the raceway region using TVC at depths indicated to be 0.5–0.7 m, when not obscured by the coal plume, or <0.5 m, when obscured. TVC measurements are clearly quantitatively affected when obscured, indicated by considerably lower temperatures in the order of 200 °C between similar process conditions. A decrease of O2 injection results in an extended raceway region as the conditions become less chemically favorable for combustion due to a lower reactant content offsetting the ignition point and reducing the reaction rate in the raceway. An increased moisture content in the blast results in a reduced size of the race-way region as energy is consumed as latent energy and cracks water. An increase in PC rate results in a larger/wider raceway region, as more PC is devolatilized and combusted early on, resulting in larger gas volumes expanding the raceway region outwards, perpendicular to the injection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamental Metallurgy: From Impact Solutions to New Insight)
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