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Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration (Third Edition)

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 November 2024 | Viewed by 6887

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Dr. Keisuke Nakano

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Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
Interests: tissue engineering; biomaterials; tumorigenesis; bone formation; regenerative medicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Kiyofumi Takabatake

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Guest Editor

Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
Interests: histopathology; biomaterials; tumor microenvironment; regenerative medicine; material science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

After our successful first two volume of the Special Issue “Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration”, we have decided to create the 3^rd volume, in order to collect and publish a series of state-of-art research in the field of materials for hard tissue repair and regeneration.

This 3rd volume of Special Issue, like the first two ones, covers a wide range of biomaterials for medical application. Biomaterials are not only inanimate matter, but also cells and extracellular matrix, and even living tissues themselves are now treated as "biomaterials”. In fact, these biomaterials are increasingly being used for tissue regeneration and repair, as well as for the treatment of various diseases that require biomaterials. Against this background, it is necessary to study the interaction between various biomaterials and living organisms and the application, use, development, and evaluation of biomaterials from various academic disciplines. Artificial intelligence has also begun to be used to evaluate biomaterials. This Special Issue focuses on biomaterials in a broad sense used in tissue repair and regeneration processes and in the treatment of diseases and introduces their biological responses, material properties, fabrication methods, and evaluation methods. We invite submissions of reviews and original papers on recent developments in related fields.

Dr. Keisuke Nakano
Dr. Kiyofumi Takabatake
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

biomaterials
tissue regeneration
tissue repair
tissue interaction
biocompatibility
medical
dental

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 8658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Micro-Threaded Stem Taper Surfaces of Cementless Hip Endoprostheses

by Drago Dolinar, Boštjan Kocjančič, Klemen Avsec, Barbara Šetina Batič, Aleksandra Kocijan, Matjaž Godec, Marko Sedlaček, Mojca Debeljak, John T. Grant, Timon Zupanc and Monika Jenko

Materials 2024, 17(11), 2751; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112751 - 5 Jun 2024

Viewed by 398

Abstract

We investigated micro-threaded stem taper surface and its impact on premature failures, aseptic loosening, and infection in cementless hip endoprostheses. Our study focused on the fretting, and crevice corrosion of micro-threaded tapers, as well as the characterization of the microstructure and surface properties of two new and three retrieved Zweymüller stem tapers. The retrieved samples were selected and examined based on the head–stem taper interface being the sole source of modularity with a metallic component, specifically between the Ti alloy taper stem and the ceramic head. To determine the surface chemistry and microstructures of both new and retrieved hip endoprostheses stem taper titanium alloy, scanning -electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for morphological and microstructural analyses. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was utilized for characterizing chemical element distribution, and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was used for phase analysis. The roughness of the micro-threated stem tapers from different manufacturers was investigated using an optical profilometer, with standard roughness parameters Ra (average surface roughness) and Rz (mean peak to valley height of the roughness profile) being measured. Electrochemical studies revealed no fretting corrosion in retrieved stem tapers with ceramic heads. Consequently, three retrieved tapers and two new ones for comparison underwent potentiodynamic measurements in Hank’s solution to determine the corrosion rate of new and retrieved stem taper surfaces. The results showed a low corrosion rate for both new and prematurely failed retrieved samples due to aseptic loosening. However, the corrosion rate was higher in infected and low-grade infected tapers. In conclusion, our study suggests that using ceramic heads reduces taper corrosion and subsequently decreases the incidence of premature failures in total hip arthroplasty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration (Third Edition))

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11 pages, 1792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlled Bio-Orthogonal Catalysis Using Nanozyme–Protein Complexes via Modulation of Electrostatic Interactions

by Liang Liu, Xianzhi Zhang, Stefano Fedeli, Yagiz Anil Cicek, William Ndugire and Vincent M. Rotello

Materials 2024, 17(7), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071507 - 26 Mar 2024

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Abstract

Bio-orthogonal chemistry provides a powerful tool for drug delivery systems due to its ability to generate therapeutic agents in situ, minimizing off-target effects. Bio-orthogonal transition metal catalysts (TMCs) with stimuli-responsive properties offer possibilities for controllable catalysis due to their spatial-, temporal-, and dosage-controllable properties. In this paper, we fabricated a stimuli-responsive bio-orthogonal catalysis system based on an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)–nanozyme (NZ) complex (EGFP-NZ). Regulation of the catalytic properties of the EGFP-NZ complex was directly achieved by modulating the ionic strength of the solution. The dielectric screening introduced by salt ions allows the dissociation of the EGFP-NZ complex, increasing the access of substrate to the active site of the NZs and concomitantly increasing nanozyme activity. The change in catalytic rate of the NZ/EGFP = 1:1 complex was positively correlated with salt concentration from 0 mM to 150 mM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration (Third Edition))

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12 pages, 3016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conformation Effect on the Mechanical and Microbiological Behavior of Invisible Orthodontic Aligners

by Juan Carlos Rodríguez Fernández, Francisco Pastor, José María Barrera Mora, Elena Demiquels, Eduardo Espinar and Javier Gil

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061360 - 16 Mar 2024

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Abstract

Invisible orthodontic aligners are having a great impact on tooth movement in an aesthetic and effective way. Different techniques, models, and clinical aspects have been studied for their proper use. However, the aim of this research has been to determine the effect of the shaping process on mechanical properties and their bacterial behavior. For this study, 40 original polyurethane plates and 40 identical models, obtained by hot forming the original plates, were used. The static tensile mechanical properties were studied with a Zwick testing machine using testing speeds of 5 mm/min at a temperature of 37 °C. The original plate and the aligner have been studied with a creep test by subjecting the samples to a constant tension of 30 N, and determining the elongation using a long-distance, high-resolution microscope at different time periods between 1 and 720 h. Studies of water absorption has been realized with artificial saliva for 5 h. Bacterial cultures of Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces viscosus strains were grown on the original plates and on new and used models, to determine the proliferation of each bacterium through metabolic activity, colony-forming units, and LIVE/DEAD assays. The mechanical results showed an increase in the strength of the inserts with respect to the models obtained from 3.44 to 3.95 MPa in the elastic limit and a lower deformation capacity. It has been proven that the transition zone in the creep curves lasts longer in the original plate, producing the rapid increase in deformation at a shorter time (400 h) in the aligner. Therefore, the shaping process reduces the time of dental correction exerted by the aligner. The results of the bacterial culture assays show an increase in the number of bacterial colonies when the aligners have been used and when the polyurethane is conformed due to the internal energy of the model, with respect to the original polyurethane. It has been observed that between the original plate and the aligner there are no statistically significant differences in water absorption and therefore the forming process does not affect water absorption. A slight increase in water absorption can be observed, but after five hours of exposure, the increase is very small. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration (Third Edition))

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14 pages, 1636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Specimen Dimension, Water Immersion Protocol, and Surface Roughness on Water Sorption and Solubility of Resin-Based Restorative Materials

by Eduardo Moreira da Silva, Cristiane Mariote Amaral, Renata Nunes Jardim, Marianna Pires Barbosa and Tiago Braga Rabello

Materials 2024, 17(5), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17050984 - 21 Feb 2024

Viewed by 744

Abstract

The evaluation of water sorption and solubility is pivotal for the development of new resin-based restorative materials with the potential for clinical application. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the specimen dimension, water immersion protocol, and surface roughness on the water sorption and solubility of three resin-based restorative materials. Disk-shaped specimens of 15 mm × 1 mm, 10 mm × 1 mm, and 6 mm × 1 mm were produced with a composite resin (Z100), a resin cement (RelyX ARC), and an adhesive system (Single Bond 2—SB2). The specimens were immersed in distilled water according to four protocols: ISO (all the specimens for each group were vertically immersed in 50 mL); IV-10 (the specimens were individually and vertically immersed in 10 mL); IH-10 (the specimens were individually and horizontally immersed in 10 mL); and IH-2 (the specimens were individually and horizontally immersed in 2 mL). The surface roughness (Sa and Sp) was evaluated using an atomic force microscope, and the degree of conversion was determined using FT-IR spectrometry. The specimen dimension and water immersion protocol had no effect on water sorption and solubility. For the three resin-based restorative materials, Sp was higher than Sa. The degree of conversion was not influenced by the specimen dimension. The variations in the specimen dimension and water immersion protocol compared to those determined by ISO 4049 did not prevent the comparison between the values of water sorption and solubility obtained for a given resin-based restorative material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration (Third Edition))

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10 pages, 1833 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

bmp-2 Gene-Transferred Skeletal Muscles with Needle-Type Electrodes as Efficient and Reliable Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration

by Mariko Yamamoto Kawai, Takeshi Yoshida, Tomoki Kato, Takuma Watanabe, Marina Kashiwagi, Shigeki Yamanaka, Hiromitsu Yamamoto, Shigeki Nagahiro, Tsutomu Iwamoto, Khan Masud, Kazuhiro Aoki, Kiyoshi Ohura and Kazumasa Nakao

Materials 2024, 17(4), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040880 - 14 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Background: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (bmp-2) has a high potential to induce bone tissue formation in skeletal muscles. We developed a bone induction system in skeletal muscles using the bmp-2 gene through in vivo electroporation. Natural bone tissues with skeletal muscles can be considered potential candidates for biomaterials. However, our previous system using plate-type electrodes did not achieve a 100% success rate in inducing bone tissues in skeletal muscles. In this study, we aimed to enhance the efficiency of bone tissue formation in skeletal muscles by using a non-viral bmp-2 gene expression plasmid vector (pCAGGS-bmp-2) and needle-type electrodes. Methods: We injected the bmp-2 gene with pCAGGS-bmp-2 into the skeletal muscles of rats’ legs and immediately placed needle-type electrodes there. Skeletal tissues were then observed on the 21st day after gene transfer using soft X-ray and histological analyses. Results: The use of needle-type electrodes resulted in a 100% success rate in inducing bone tissues in skeletal muscles. In contrast, the plate-type electrodes only exhibited a 33% success rate. Thus, needle-type electrodes can be more efficient and reliable for transferring the bmp-2 gene to skeletal muscles, making them potential biomaterials for repairing bone defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration (Third Edition))

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12 pages, 3239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Adhesive Strategy, Type of Dental Composite, and Polishing Time on Marginal Gap Formation in Class I-like Cavities

by Marianna Pires Barbosa, Tiago Braga Rabello and Eduardo Moreira da Silva

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237411 - 29 Nov 2023

Viewed by 935

Abstract

Even after more than six decades of dental composite invention (1962), there is still controversial information about the time in which composite restorations should be polished in order to avoid marginal gap formation at the tooth–composite interface. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of adhesive strategy, the type of dental composite, and polishing time on marginal gap formation (%MG) at the tooth–composite interface. Class I-like cavities were hybridized with a universal adhesive system (Single Bond Universal) through two strategies: selective enamel etching (SEE) or self-etching mode (SEM). Cavities were filled with two types of dental composites: nanofilled (Z350) or bulk fill (Filtek One Bulk Fill—ONE), and polishing was performed immediately or delayed for 7 days (n = 5). %MG was evaluated by using a 3D laser confocal microscope. As flexural modulus (FM) and degree of conversion (DC%) are determinants of marginal integrity in dental composite restorations, these properties were evaluated for both composites. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (α = 0.05). Cavities hybridized following the SEE strategy presented lower %MG (p < 0.05). Z350 showed higher %MG than ONE (p < 0.05). There was no difference in %MG between the polishing times when the SEE strategy was used (p > 0.05). Z350 presented higher FM than ONE (p < 0.05). DC% was found to be not significant (p > 0.05). The results suggest that selective enamel etching (SEE) is a better strategy for producing less %MG in composite restorations with enamel margins irrespective of the time in which the restoration is polished. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration (Third Edition))

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Review

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19 pages, 9174 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clays and Wound Healing

by Guangjian Tian, Zhou Wang, Zongwang Huang, Zuyan Xie, Lu Xia and Yi Zhang

Materials 2024, 17(7), 1691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071691 - 7 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1211

Abstract

Aluminosilicates, such as montmorillonite, kaolinite, halloysite, and diatomite, have a uniform bidimensional structure, a high surface-to-volume ratio, inherent stiffness, a dual charge distribution, chemical inertness, biocompatibility, abundant active groups on the surface, such as silanol (Si-OH) and/or aluminol (Al-OH) groups. These compounds are on the list of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved active compounds and excipients and are used for various medicinal products, such as wound healing agents, antidiarrheals, and cosmetics. This review summarizes the wound healing mechanisms related to the material characteristics and the chemical components. Numerous wound dressings with different active components and multiple forms have been studied. Then, medicinal mineral resources for use in hemostatic materials can be developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Hard Tissue Repair and Regeneration (Third Edition))

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