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Research on the Microstructure and Properties of Metal Alloys (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2026) | Viewed by 4522

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Aldona Garbacz-Klempka

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Historical Layers Research Centre, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: metals; alloys; materials; material characteristics; microstructure; solidification; mechanical properties; corrosion; materials engineering; materials processing; casting; metallurgy; additive manufacturing; investment casting; lost-wax casting; archaeometallurgy; cultural heritage; heritage conservation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jarosław Piekło

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: manufacturing processes and systems; die casting; additive manufacturing; numerical modeling of stress–strain fields; fracture mechanics; mechanical properties and microstructure of alloys
Prof. Dr. Andriy Burbelko

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: solidification modelling; microstructure; cellular automaton; thermal analysis; gas–eutecic porous materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The purpose of the second volume of this Special Issue is to present the results of scientific research related to the study of metal alloy microstructures at various stages of their production and the properties of these materials.

The properties of metallic alloys do not depend only on their chemical composition. The microstructure of an alloy also has a significant influence on the behavior of its products.  Metallurgical technology begins with natural and recycled raw materials and uses melting and casting methods. Part of the metallurgical production is used in the as-cast state. Another part is further processed by various technological processes. These include various methods of metal forming, heat and thermochemical treatment, welding, sintering, and additive manufacturing.

The study of the rules of alloy structure formation under various working processes and their material properties enables the innovation and optimization of metal alloys.

The above issues form the subject of this SI. We invite you to share your latest results. Topics of interest include analyses of the microstructure and properties of alloys, their processing, the development and application of modern research, and modeling and simulation techniques. Review articles on related topics are welcome. We hope you will join us in developing this interesting area of research.

Dr. Aldona Garbacz-Klempka
Dr. Jarosław Piekło
Prof. Dr. Andriy Burbelko
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advances in technology
  • materials engineering
  • metals and alloys
  • microstructure and property analysis
  • “technology–structure–properties” chain
  • simulation of microstructure formation
  • mechanical properties
  • manufacturing processes and systems
  • heritage
  • archaeometallurgy

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 9778 KB  
Article
Corrosion Behavior and Discharge Performance of Germanium and Lanthanum Co-Doped AZ61 Alloy Anodes for Mg–Air Batteries
by Qi Liu, Baosheng Liu, Yuezhong Zhang, Shaohua Zhang and Pengpeng Wu
Materials 2026, 19(7), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071305 - 25 Mar 2026
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Magnesium–air battery anodes suffer from self-corrosion, chunk effect, and poor removal of discharge products, resulting in low anode efficiency. Although various modification strategies for Mg anodes have been reported, the effects of Ge content on the microstructure and performance of AZ61 Mg anodes [...] Read more.
Magnesium–air battery anodes suffer from self-corrosion, chunk effect, and poor removal of discharge products, resulting in low anode efficiency. Although various modification strategies for Mg anodes have been reported, the effects of Ge content on the microstructure and performance of AZ61 Mg anodes at a fixed La content remain unclear. In this study, AZ61-1La-xGe alloys (x = 0, 0.25, 0.7, and 0.9 wt.%) were prepared, and their microstructure, corrosion behavior, and discharge performance after solution treatment were systematically investigated. Among them, AZ61-1La-0.7Ge exhibited the best overall performance, mainly due to the appropriate addition of Ge, which promoted a uniform distribution of secondary phases and grain refinement, thereby suppressing self-corrosion and chunk effect, improving discharge uniformity, and enhancing anode utilization by facilitating the formation of a loose discharge product layer. This study provides a basis for optimizing the Ge content in La-modified AZ61 Mg alloy anodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Microstructure and Properties of Metal Alloys (2nd Edition))
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16 pages, 6491 KB  
Article
Hydrogen Damage Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel Under AC Interference
by Tong Li, Zhihui Li, Kejun Jiang, Yuxiang Cai, Wan Sun, Ziyong He, Jun Zhao, Tao Cao, Junjun Jin, Wenjing Chen and Guoqing Gou
Materials 2025, 18(24), 5487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245487 - 5 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 527
Abstract
X80 pipeline steel is a key material in the field of oil and gas transportation. Its damage behavior in a hydrogen-filled environment directly affects pipeline safety. In this study, through hydrogen permeation experiments and slow strain rate tensile tests, the electrochemical responses and [...] Read more.
X80 pipeline steel is a key material in the field of oil and gas transportation. Its damage behavior in a hydrogen-filled environment directly affects pipeline safety. In this study, through hydrogen permeation experiments and slow strain rate tensile tests, the electrochemical responses and hydrogen-induced cracking behaviors of X80 base metal and welded joints under hydrogen filling conditions in both AC and DC were systematically compared. The results show that when the base material is filled with hydrogen at 20 mA/cm2 AC, the hydrogen permeation flux is the largest, and the overall hydrogen permeation parameter of the welded joint is lower than that of the base material. High-frequency polarization promotes hydrogen permeation, but anodic corrosion products at high current densities can impede hydrogen entry. The slow strain rate tensile test further confirmed that the mechanical properties of the material declined more significantly under direct current hydrogen charging, and the sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking was higher. Under alternating hydrogen charging conditions, due to the alternating effects of hydrogen charging at the cathode and corrosion at the anode, a relatively low hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity is exhibited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Microstructure and Properties of Metal Alloys (2nd Edition))
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20 pages, 14845 KB  
Article
The Influence of Ti and Al on the Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Medium-Entropy and High-Entropy Alloys Based on AlxTixCrFe2Ni2
by Róbert Kočiško, Patrik Petroušek, Karel Saksl, Ivan Petryshynets, Ondrej Milkovič and Dávid Csík
Materials 2025, 18(6), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061382 - 20 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1346
Abstract
This study focuses on the cobalt-free medium-to-high-entropy alloys AlxCrFe2Ni2 and AlxTixCrFe2Ni2, investigating the influence of Alx and Tix (where x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) on [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the cobalt-free medium-to-high-entropy alloys AlxCrFe2Ni2 and AlxTixCrFe2Ni2, investigating the influence of Alx and Tix (where x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) on the development of microstructural and mechanical properties in as-cast and annealed states. Structural changes were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, while mechanical properties were evaluated through Vickers hardness testing and compression testing. X-ray diffraction analysis of the AlxCrFe2Ni2 alloys confirmed that increasing the Al content in the as-cast state leads to the formation of a BCC phase, which completely dissolves into the FCC matrix after homogenization annealing. These single-phase alloys exhibit good ductility with relatively high strain hardening, such as the Al0.6CrFe2Ni2 alloy, which achieved a maximum compressive strength of σmax=1511 MPa at 50% deformation. A significant strengthening effect of Ti was observed in the AlxTixCrFe2Ni2 alloys, the mechanical properties of which are closely linked to the higher BCC phase content in the homogenized structure. The highest compressive strength, σmax=2239 MPa, was achieved by the Al0.5Ti0.5CrFe2Ni2 alloy, which fractured via a transcrystalline brittle fracture at 43% deformation. All alloys investigated offer an excellent balance between strength and ductility, which could meet the requirements of demanding structural applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Microstructure and Properties of Metal Alloys (2nd Edition))
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28 pages, 13298 KB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Thermal Fatigue of Grey Cast Iron Ingot Mould
by Piotr Mirek, Jarosław Piekło and Aldona Garbacz-Klempka
Materials 2024, 17(23), 5735; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235735 - 23 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1371
Abstract
This article presents the results of experimental studies and numerical calculations that were conducted to analyse the phenomena that occur during the operation of an ingot mould that is designed for casting steel ingots. The studies were conducted on an experimental stand in [...] Read more.
This article presents the results of experimental studies and numerical calculations that were conducted to analyse the phenomena that occur during the operation of an ingot mould that is designed for casting steel ingots. The studies were conducted on an experimental stand in a foundry on an ingot mould that was designed to make ingots that weigh up to six tons; they consisted of determining the temperature of the ingot mould and measuring the displacements of its walls during filling with steel and cooling. These studies were used to create and verify a numerical model that was used to determine the temperatures, displacements, deformations, and stresses in ingot mould walls during the operating cycle using the FEM method. Microstructure studies of ingot cast iron that was subjected to thermal fatigue were also conducted on a laboratory stand; the temperature changes and test times were the same as those used under the normal operating conditions of the ingot mould. Cast iron samples were subjected to heating and cooling cycles within a range of 0 to 60 cycles; then, tensile tests were performed to determine their stress–strain curves. As a result of the conducted tests, a great influence was found of the number of cycles on decreases in the values of the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength—especially within a range of 0 to 10 cycles. A relationship was also found between the changes in these values and the image of the cast iron microstructure. Based on images of the cast iron microstructure after being subjected to different numbers of thermal fatigue cycles, the mechanism of the crack initiation and propagation was determined. The influence of the changes in the strength of the cast iron and the stress state that was determined by the FEM method on the durability of the tested type of ingot mould was analysed. The obtained research results will be useful for introducing design changes that are aimed at increasing the fatigue durability of ingot moulds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Microstructure and Properties of Metal Alloys (2nd Edition))
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