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Marine Drugs
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Fatty Acids from the Oceans
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Fatty Acids from the Oceans

A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 19299

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Vasily Svetashev

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
Interests: marker FA; new and uncommon FA; deep-sea marine food web

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Progress in study of lipids and fatty acids (FA) depends mostly on progress in analytical methods. The development of GC and GC-MS has made it possible to identify structure, distribution and functional role of more than 1000 FA in living organisms. The undoubtedly greatest contribution to marine lipids and FA research was made by Robert Ackman (1927-2013). First, he developed the standard GLC method for FAME analysis and launched an extensive investigation into FA composition in marine environment and role of FA in food webs. He also participated in the development of technologies for concentration and capsulation of omega-3 fatty acids and fish oils to be used in clinical treatment and health nutrition. For the past 10 years we have observed an increasing interest in marine FA. One of the issues addressed by this research is the production of EPA and DHA by microorganisms, which potentially may substitute marine fish oils in health nutrition. New findings are expected from studies conducted in deep-sea ecosystems, where a several dozens of new and uncommon FA have been identified to date.

Dr. Vasily Svetashev
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Marine omega-3 FA
  • Eicosapentaenoic
  • Docosahexaenoic
  • Biosynthesis

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

19 pages, 2940 KiB  
Article
Effect of Temperature and Light Intensity on the Polar Lipidome of Endophytic Brown Algae Streblonema corymbiferum and Streblonema sp. In Vitro
by Oksana Chadova, Anna Skriptsova and Peter Velansky
Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(7), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070428 - 29 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
The effect of temperature and light intensity on the polar lipidome of endophytic brown algae Streblonema corymbiferum and Streblonema sp. in vitro was investigated. More than 460 molecular species have been identified in four glycoglycerolipids classes, five phosphoglycerolipids classes and one betaine lipid [...] Read more.
The effect of temperature and light intensity on the polar lipidome of endophytic brown algae Streblonema corymbiferum and Streblonema sp. in vitro was investigated. More than 460 molecular species have been identified in four glycoglycerolipids classes, five phosphoglycerolipids classes and one betaine lipid class. The lipids glucuronosyldiacylglycerol and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethyl-homoserine were found in the algae of the order Ectocarpales for the first time. A decrease in cultivation temperature led to an increase in the unsaturation level in all classes of polar lipids. Thus, at low temperatures, the content of 18:4/18:4 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), 20:5/18:4 digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), 18:3/16:0 sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), 18:3/18:3 and 18:3/18:4 phosphatidylglycerol (PG), 20:4/20:5 and 20:5/20:5 phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), 14:0/20:5, 16:0/20:5 and 20:5/20:5 phosphatidylcholine (PC), 20:5/20:4 phosphatidylhydroxyethylglycine and 18:1/18:2 DGTS increased. At high temperatures, an increase in the content of chloroplast-derived MGDG, DGDG and PG was observed. Both low and high light intensities caused an increase in 20:5/18:3 MGDG and 18:3/16:1 PG. At low light intensity, the content of DGDG with fatty acid (FA) 18:3 increased, and at high light intensity, it was with FA 20:5. The molecular species composition of extraplastid lipids also showed a dependence on light intensity. Thus, the content of PC and PE species with C20-polyunsaturated FA at both sn-positions, 18:1/18:1 DGTS and 16:0/18:1 phosphatidylinositol increased. Low light intensity induced a significant increase in the content of chloroplast-derived 18:1/16:1 phosphatidylethanolamine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from the Oceans)
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16 pages, 1552 KiB  
Article
Formulation of New Media from Dairy and Brewery Wastes for a Sustainable Production of DHA-Rich Oil by Aurantiochytrium mangrovei
by Giovanni L. Russo, Antonio L. Langellotti, Vito Verardo, Beatriz Martín-García, Prospero Di Pierro, Angela Sorrentino, Marco Baselice, Maria Oliviero, Raffaele Sacchi and Paolo Masi
Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20010039 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2946
Abstract
Mozzarella stretching water (MSW) is a dairy effluent generated from mozzarella cheese production that does not have a real use and is destined to disposal, causing environmental problems and representing a high disposal cost for dairy producers. Spent brewery yeast (SBY) is another [...] Read more.
Mozzarella stretching water (MSW) is a dairy effluent generated from mozzarella cheese production that does not have a real use and is destined to disposal, causing environmental problems and representing a high disposal cost for dairy producers. Spent brewery yeast (SBY) is another promising food waste produced after brewery manufacturing that could be recycled in new biotechnological processes. Aurantiochytrium mangrovei is an aquatic protist known as producer of bioactive lipids such as omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work MSW and SBY have been used to formulate new sustainable growth media for A. mangrovei cultivation and production of DHA in an attempt to valorize these effluents. MSW required an enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance the biomass production. The new media obtained from hydrolysed MSW was also optimized using response surface methodologies, obtaining 10.14 g L−1 of biomass in optimized medium, with a DHA content of 1.21 g L−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from the Oceans)
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15 pages, 993 KiB  
Article
Seaweed Blends as a Valuable Source of Polyunsaturated and Healthy Fats for Nutritional and Food Applications
by Francisca Marques, Diana Lopes, Elisabete da Costa, Tiago Conde, Andreia Rego, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Maria Helena Abreu and Maria Rosário Domingues
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(12), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120684 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3614
Abstract
Seaweeds are considered healthy and sustainable food. Although their consumption is modest in Western countries, the demand for seaweed in food markets is increasing in Europe. Each seaweed species has unique nutritional and functional features. The preparation of blends, obtained by mixing several [...] Read more.
Seaweeds are considered healthy and sustainable food. Although their consumption is modest in Western countries, the demand for seaweed in food markets is increasing in Europe. Each seaweed species has unique nutritional and functional features. The preparation of blends, obtained by mixing several seaweeds species, allows the obtaining of maximum benefits and ingredients with single characteristics. In this work, five seaweed blends, commercially available and produced under organic conditions in Europe, were characterized. The proximal composition included contents of ash (20.28–28.68% DW), proteins (17.79–26.61% DW), lipids (0.55–1.50% DW), and total carbohydrates (39.47–47.37% DW). Fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), allowing quantification of healthy fatty acids, namely n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and calculation of lipid quality indices. Each blend showed a characteristic PUFA content in the lipid pool (35.77–49.43% of total fatty acids) and the content in essential and healthy n-3 PUFA is highlighted. The atherogenicity (0.54–0.72) and thrombogenicity (0.23–0.45) indices evidenced a good nutritional value of lipid fractions. As nutritional and environmentally attractive products, the consumption of the studied seaweed blends can contribute to a healthy lifestyle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from the Oceans)
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12 pages, 3051 KiB  
Article
Chemical and Physical Culture Conditions Significantly Influence the Cell Mass and Docosahexaenoic Acid Content of Aurantiochytrium limacinum Strain PKU#SW8
by Xiaohong Chen, Biswarup Sen, Sai Zhang, Mohan Bai, Yaodong He and Guangyi Wang
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(12), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120671 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2660
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are well-known unicellular heterotrophic marine protists because of their promising ability to accumulate docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, the implications of their unique genomic and metabolic features on DHA production remain poorly understood. Here, the effects of chemical and physical culture conditions on [...] Read more.
Thraustochytrids are well-known unicellular heterotrophic marine protists because of their promising ability to accumulate docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, the implications of their unique genomic and metabolic features on DHA production remain poorly understood. Here, the effects of chemical and physical culture conditions on the cell mass and DHA production were investigated for a unique thraustochytrid strain, PKU#SW8, isolated from the seawater of Pearl River Estuary. All the tested fermentation parameters showed a significant influence on the cell mass and concentration and yield of DHA. The addition of monosaccharides (fructose, mannose, glucose, or galactose) or glycerol to the culture medium yielded much higher cell mass and DHA concentrations than that of disaccharides and starch. Similarly, organic nitrogen sources (peptone, yeast extract, tryptone, and sodium glutamate) proved to be beneficial in achieving a higher cell mass and DHA concentration. PKU#SW8 was found to grow and accumulate a considerable amount of DHA over wide ranges of KH2PO4 (0.125–1.0 g/L), salinity (0–140% seawater), pH (3–9), temperature (16–36 °C), and agitation (140–230 rpm). With the optimal culture conditions (glycerol, 20 g/L; peptone, 2.5 g/L; 80% seawater; pH 4.0; 28 °C; and 200 rpm) determined based on the shake-flask experiments, the cell mass and concentration and yield of DHA were improved up to 7.5 ± 0.05 g/L, 2.14 ± 0.03 g/L, and 282.9 ± 3.0 mg/g, respectively, on a 5-L scale fermentation. This study provides valuable information about the fermentation conditions of the PKU#SW8 strain and its unique physiological features, which could be beneficial for strain development and large-scale DHA production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from the Oceans)
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Review

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17 pages, 2622 KiB  
Review
Investigation of Deep-Sea Ecosystems Using Marker Fatty Acids: Sources of Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Abyssal Megafauna
by Vasily I. Svetashev
Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20010017 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3090
Abstract
Abyssal seafloor ecosystems cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. Being formed by mainly heterotrophic organisms, they depend on the flux of particulate organic matter (POM) photosynthetically produced in the surface layer of the ocean. As dead phytoplankton sinks from the euphotic [...] Read more.
Abyssal seafloor ecosystems cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. Being formed by mainly heterotrophic organisms, they depend on the flux of particulate organic matter (POM) photosynthetically produced in the surface layer of the ocean. As dead phytoplankton sinks from the euphotic to the abyssal zone, the trophic value of POM and the concentration of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decrease. This results in pronounced food periodicity and limitations for bottom dwellers. Deep-sea invertebrate seston eaters and surface deposit feeders consume the sinking POM. Other invertebrates utilize different food items that have undergone a trophic upgrade, with PUFA synthesized from saturated and monounsaturated FA. Foraminifera and nematodes can synthesize arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), while some barophylic bacteria produce EPA and/or docosahexaenoic acid. FA analysis of deep-sea invertebrates has shown high levels of PUFA including, in particular, arachidonic acid, bacterial FA, and a vast number of new and uncommon fatty acids such as 21:4(n-7), 22:4(n-8), 23:4(n-9), and 22:5(n-5) characteristic of foraminifera. We suppose that bacteria growing on detritus having a low trophic value provide the first trophic upgrading of organic matter for foraminifera and nematodes. In turn, these metazoans perform the second-stage upgrading for megafauna invertebrates. Deep-sea megafauna, including major members of Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Polychaeta display FA markers characteristic of bacteria, foraminifera, and nematodes and reveal new markers in the food chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from the Oceans)
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18 pages, 521 KiB  
Review
Current Progress in Lipidomics of Marine Invertebrates
by Andrey B. Imbs, Ekaterina V. Ermolenko, Valeria P. Grigorchuk, Tatiana V. Sikorskaya and Peter V. Velansky
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(12), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120660 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3955
Abstract
Marine invertebrates are a paraphyletic group that comprises more than 90% of all marine animal species. Lipids form the structural basis of cell membranes, are utilized as an energy reserve by all marine invertebrates, and are, therefore, considered important indicators of their ecology [...] Read more.
Marine invertebrates are a paraphyletic group that comprises more than 90% of all marine animal species. Lipids form the structural basis of cell membranes, are utilized as an energy reserve by all marine invertebrates, and are, therefore, considered important indicators of their ecology and biochemistry. The nutritional value of commercial invertebrates directly depends on their lipid composition. The lipid classes and fatty acids of marine invertebrates have been studied in detail, but data on their lipidomes (the profiles of all lipid molecules) remain very limited. To date, lipidomes or their parts are known only for a few species of mollusks, coral polyps, ascidians, jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crabs, copepods, shrimp, and squid. This paper reviews various features of the lipid molecular species of these animals. The results of the application of the lipidomic approach in ecology, embryology, physiology, lipid biosynthesis, and in studies on the nutritional value of marine invertebrates are also discussed. The possible applications of lipidomics in the study of marine invertebrates are considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from the Oceans)
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