Tribology of Seals

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 14354

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Institute of Machine Design and Tribology (IMKT), Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
Interests: tribology; lubrication; rolling element bearings; seals; wind power drive trains; synchronisers; continuously variable transmissions; electrified drive trains for vehicles

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Seals are indispensable elements in almost every kind of technical system and natural organism. Their purpose is to either protect a system against the ingress of detrimental substances from the outside, or to prevent the exit of fluids into the environment, also known as "leakage" or "emissions". Although their proper functioning is of vital importance in most applications, seals tend to be regarded as a commodity and too trivial to receive special attention from the general public. However, sealing is generally an auxiliary, yet crucial, function, which cannot be taken for granted.

For a long time, sealing was treated like a craft and was afforded little to no scientific attention. It took long time to recognize that dynamic seals are primarily a tribological system. Wear and proper material selection was and will always be an issue, but it happened very late that the role of hydrodynamic lubrication in contacting dynamic seals and the analogies with hydrodynamic plain bearings were finally recognized. Lubricant films are very thin, which is necessary to minimize leakage, but this forces seals to operate in or close to the mixed lubrication regime. Given the otherwise inevitable, albeit small, leakage, "zero leakage" requires a hydrodynamic or aerodynamic reverse pumping mechanism, which transports the previously leaked fluid back into the working space of the machinery. These effects are still not fully understood.

A specific issue of sealing technology is the compatibility between seal materials, especially elastomers, and lubricants, calling for an interdisciplinary approach by chemists, physical chemists, and tribologists.

In summary, all of this comprises enough motivation for a Special Issue of Lubricants!

Prof. Dr. Gerhard Poll
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3238 KiB  
Article
Development of a Low-Friction Radial Shaft Seal: Using CFD Simulations to Optimise the Microstructured Sealing Lip
by Dennis Keller, Georg Jacobs and Stephan Neumann
Lubricants 2020, 8(4), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8040041 - 4 Apr 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5320
Abstract
The sealing of shaft interfaces in machine housings against oil leakage is commonly realized by radial shaft seals, hence they are used millions of times in technical systems. However, with increasing speed they cause significant friction losses, which reduce the efficiency of the [...] Read more.
The sealing of shaft interfaces in machine housings against oil leakage is commonly realized by radial shaft seals, hence they are used millions of times in technical systems. However, with increasing speed they cause significant friction losses, which reduce the efficiency of the system significantly. In addition, the prevailing trend towards higher speed levels in electrified drive trains is already pushing sealing technology to its performance limits. Therefore, friction reduction offers a chance to extend the current performance limits and increase efficiency within existing applications. In this paper, a methodology for friction reduction is proposed, which is based on microstructuring and surface treatment of the seal sliding surface. Since experimental structural design is linked to high costs and time, a simulation-based method is proposed. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to analyze the influence of the structural geometry on local fluid flow. It is shown that for increasing sliding speeds, the analysis and the subsequent optimization of deterministic microstructures require the numerical solution of the complete Navier–Stokes equation in order to take inertial effects into account. Based on these results, an optimal geometric shape for the microstructure is found depending on the operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology of Seals)
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27 pages, 3568 KiB  
Article
Profile Optimization of Hydraulic, Polymeric, Sliding Seals by Minimizing an Objective Function of Leakage, Friction and Abrasive Wear
by George K. Nikas
Lubricants 2020, 8(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8040040 - 3 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4532
Abstract
Hydraulic dynamic seals for reciprocating or alternating motion are machine elements with widespread applications in the automotive, aerospace, marine, pharmaceutical and several other industrial sectors. They have been under commercial development for many decades, and are often met in critical positions, consuming a [...] Read more.
Hydraulic dynamic seals for reciprocating or alternating motion are machine elements with widespread applications in the automotive, aerospace, marine, pharmaceutical and several other industrial sectors. They have been under commercial development for many decades, and are often met in critical positions, consuming a considerable amount of energy during operation. An objective function of mass leakage rate, friction force and an abrasive-wear representative term is proposed in the present study to evaluate the performance of hydraulic, polymeric sliding seals under suitable constraints. Using Variational Calculus, analytical and numerical techniques, the objective function is minimized, resulting in an optimal seal profile that maximizes sealing performance for given, steady-state operating conditions, in additional consideration of the structural integrity and manufacturability of the modified seal. The obtained seal shape and related pressure distribution are reminiscent of those for U-cup and step seals, designs that dominate the industry. In the course of the mathematical analysis, some major obstacles are documented that show how sensitive and complicated sealing performance really is. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology of Seals)
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18 pages, 15329 KiB  
Article
Correlation of Tribological Behavior and Fatigue Properties of Filled and Unfilled TPUs
by Chao Wang, Tanja Stiller, Andreas Hausberger, Gerald Pinter, Florian Grün and Thomas Schwarz
Lubricants 2019, 7(7), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7070060 - 20 Jul 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3496
Abstract
For a long service time, fatigue has been a typical problem that mechanical sealing materials face. How does it relate to tribological performance? In this study, filled and unfilled thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) were investigated. Dumbbell and faint wait pure shear (FWPS) specimens were [...] Read more.
For a long service time, fatigue has been a typical problem that mechanical sealing materials face. How does it relate to tribological performance? In this study, filled and unfilled thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) were investigated. Dumbbell and faint wait pure shear (FWPS) specimens were used to characterize the fatigue properties and crack growth rate of TPUs, respectively. Additionally, to identify the impact of temperature on fatigue tests, the tests were conducted at room temperature and 80 °C. Different tribological tests were conducted to investigate their tribological properties. Fracture surfaces from fatigue tests and worn surfaces from tribological tests were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two wear models were verified to correlate between fatigue and tribological properties; one of the models is better for rough counter surfaces, while the other is advantageous if the counter surface is smooth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology of Seals)
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