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Lubricants
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Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits
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Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 12344

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eckhard Kirchner

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Product Development and Machine Elements, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Interests: electric properties of tribosystems; sensing machine elements; sensor integration; design for additive manufacturing; potential of additive technologies; respective development methods
Dr. Marcel Bartz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Engineering Design, Martensstraße 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Interests: machine elements and component design; smart machine elements; sensor and function integration; design for stress; lightweight design; biomimetic

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The electrical behavior of both rolling and plain bearings is a hot topic in machine element research as well as in electric machine development. Recent challenges are, for example, current passages which can damage rolling bearings; the load-dependent behavior of rotor bearings in electric machines that influence the performance and reliability of the overall system; and challenges that arise, e.g., when coatings and components are used that affect the electrical conductivity. However, the electrical characteristic of bearings, such as the load-dependent electrical behavior, the use of insulating and conductive coatings, or the integration of further components, make these bearings attractive as sensory elements to accelerate digitization processes. Finally, damage patterns resulting from electric effects need to be explained, quantified and predicted for all kinds of lubricated bearings including the lubricant itself. Therefore, researchers and practical engineers are invited to contribute their most recent results on the electrical behavior of grease- or oil-lubricated bearings with rolling or sliding contact.

Prof. Dr. Eckhard Kirchner
Dr. Marcel Bartz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • capacitance calculation
  • current induced damage patterns
  • sensory effects
  • rolling bearings
  • journal and sliding bearings
  • grease or oil lubrication
  • electrical performance
  • mechatronic system analysis

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1952 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Load and Speed on the Initial Breakdown of Rolling Bearings Exposed to Electrical Currents
by Steffen Puchtler, Robert Maier, Martin Kuhn and Yves Burkhardt
Lubricants 2024, 12(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12010001 - 19 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1375
Abstract
The reason for the failure of electric vehicle drives is increasingly current-induced damage to rolling bearings. Studies show that rolling bearings are more susceptible to current pass-through after the first occurrence of unwanted bearing currents. To investigate this effect, a test plan is [...] Read more.
The reason for the failure of electric vehicle drives is increasingly current-induced damage to rolling bearings. Studies show that rolling bearings are more susceptible to current pass-through after the first occurrence of unwanted bearing currents. To investigate this effect, a test plan is introduced with variations in axial and radial loads, as well as rotational speeds. A new bearing is mechanically run-in for each test point and then subjected to a realistic voltage signal of gradually increasing amplitude. After the initial breakdown, the different voltage amplitudes are applied again to investigate the behavior after the initial breakdown. During the whole test, the maximum current, the duration and the dissipated energy of each breakdown are measured. The results provide insights into the processes after the initial breakdown and the stochastic nature of the breakdown behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits)
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0 pages, 23314 KiB  
Article
Influencing Factors on the Fluting in an Axial Ball Bearing at DC Bearing Currents
by Omid Safdarzadeh, Resat Capan, Michel Werner, Andreas Binder and Oliver Koch
Lubricants 2023, 11(10), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100455 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1548
Abstract
The effect of variable DC bearing current amplitude, bearing current polarity, mechanical force, rotation speed, bearing temperature, and number of the balls on the fluting in an axial ball bearing type 51208 is investigated under DC currents. The results are obtained from two [...] Read more.
The effect of variable DC bearing current amplitude, bearing current polarity, mechanical force, rotation speed, bearing temperature, and number of the balls on the fluting in an axial ball bearing type 51208 is investigated under DC currents. The results are obtained from two different test setups with two different lubricants (mineral-oil-based grease and polyglycol oil). The speed varies between 100 rpm and 2000 rpm, the axial bearing force between 200 N and 2400 N, the DC current amplitude between 0.5 A and 20 A, the bearing temperature between 29 °C and 80 °C, the number of steel balls per bearing between 3 and 15, and the test duration between 6 h and 168 h. The results show that with a higher bearing current density and/or a higher bearing speed, a lower bearing force and/or a lower bearing temperature, a bigger number of roller elements, but also at a negative polarity of a DC electric bearing current, the occurring of fluting is more probable and occurs at an earlier stage of operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits)
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16 pages, 7935 KiB  
Article
Use of Printed Sensors to Measure Strain in Rolling Bearings under Isolated Boundary Conditions
by Marcel Bartz, Felix Häußler, Fabian Halmos, Markus Ankenbrand, Michael Jüttner, Jewgeni Roudenko, Sven Wirsching, Marcus Reichenberger, Jörg Franke and Sandro Wartzack
Lubricants 2023, 11(10), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100424 - 2 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1319
Abstract
The knowledge of the operating conditions in rolling bearings in technical applications offers many advantages, for example, to ensure a safe operation and to save resources and costs with the help of condition monitoring and predictive maintenance procedures. In many cases, it is [...] Read more.
The knowledge of the operating conditions in rolling bearings in technical applications offers many advantages, for example, to ensure a safe operation and to save resources and costs with the help of condition monitoring and predictive maintenance procedures. In many cases, it is difficult to implement sensors to measure the operating conditions of the rolling bearing, for reasons such as inaccessibility of the mounting position or non-compliance with installation space neutrality, which influences the sensor on the measuring point. Printed sensors using a digital deposition process, which can be used in very narrow design spaces, offer advantages in this respect. So far, these sensors have not been established in rolling bearings, so there is potential for technical application. This paper discusses the fundamental advantages and disadvantages as well as the challenges of the application, and it demonstrates the feasibility under isolated boundary conditions by applying a printed strain gauge sensor to the outer ring of a cylindrical roller bearing NU210 in an experimental setup to measure the strain under load. In this setup, the outer ring is deformed by 2 mm under an increasing radial load using a hydraulic press, and the strain is measured. Both a commercial reference sensor and a FE-simulation are used to validate the measurement. The results show that an implementation using printed sensors as a strain gauge works successfully. The resulting challenges, such as measuring strain gradients and printing on curved surfaces, are finally evaluated, and an outlook for further work is given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits)
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17 pages, 2412 KiB  
Article
Pitting Influence on Electrical Capacitance in EHL Rolling Contacts
by Anatoly Zaiat, Karim Ibrahim and Eckhard Kirchner
Lubricants 2023, 11(10), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100419 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 917
Abstract
This work presents an investigation on the influence of pitting in EHL rolling contact. The pitting geometry comes as an extension on the architecture for multi-physical numerical calculations of rolling element bearing contacts based on OpenFOAM. The model utilized is built according to [...] Read more.
This work presents an investigation on the influence of pitting in EHL rolling contact. The pitting geometry comes as an extension on the architecture for multi-physical numerical calculations of rolling element bearing contacts based on OpenFOAM. The model utilized is built according to the state-of-the-art for fluid–solid interaction and electro-quasi-static fields. In this framework, the contact is reduced to be two dimensional in order to reduce the computing costs needed. The changes in the electric properties, which are caused by pittings, are measured using the electric capacitance of the contact and put in perspective with regard to the EHL contacts geometry. The investigation delivers an evaluation on how surface degradation, in both the pitting width w and pitting depth d of the contact, affects the electric properties. It can be seen that the maximum deviations with different reduced radii for the same pitting structures are around 5% and would therefore hardly be distinguishable with corresponding measurements. By comparing the same data for the same ratio of pitting width to reduced radius, on the other hand, differences of up to 50% can be seen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits)
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16 pages, 4930 KiB  
Article
Lubrication Condition Monitoring in EHD Line Contacts of Thrust Needle Roller Bearing Using the Electrical Impedance Method
by Taisuke Maruyama, Faidhi Radzi, Tsutomu Sato, Shunsuke Iwase, Masayuki Maeda and Ken Nakano
Lubricants 2023, 11(5), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11050223 - 16 May 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1984
Abstract
In this study, we developed the electrical impedance method which simultaneously measures the thickness and breakdown ratio of oil films in elastohydrodynamic (EHD) line contacts within thrust needle roller bearings. Initially, we theoretically demonstrated that the oil film thickness and breakdown ratio can [...] Read more.
In this study, we developed the electrical impedance method which simultaneously measures the thickness and breakdown ratio of oil films in elastohydrodynamic (EHD) line contacts within thrust needle roller bearings. Initially, we theoretically demonstrated that the oil film thickness and breakdown ratio can be simultaneously measured using the complex impedance that is produced when an AC voltage is applied to EHD line contacts. To verify the measurement accuracy of the electrical method, we monitored the oil film thickness of a thrust needle roller bearing and compared it with the theoretical value. The results revealed that the oil film thickness was thinner than the theoretical value immediately after starting the test, with the breakdown ratio being greater than 0 (indicating mixed lubrication); however, the breakdown ratio decreased over time, and the oil film thickness nearly matched the theoretical value one hour after starting the test, when it is believed that running-in wear is complete (i.e., breakdown ratio ≈ 0). Furthermore, following the test, after examining the race surface, we confirmed that running-in wear had indeed occurred. These results suggest that the developed method can monitor the lubrication conditions in EHD line contacts, such as those in thrust needle roller bearings, in detail. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits)
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Review

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13 pages, 3190 KiB  
Review
Influence of Parasitic Electric Currents on an Exemplary Mineral-Oil-Based Lubricant and the Raceway Surfaces of Thrust Bearings
by Simon Graf, Oliver Koch and Bernd Sauer
Lubricants 2023, 11(8), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11080313 - 25 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1073
Abstract
Within this paper, electro-mechanical long-term tests on a thrust bearing were presented. The effects of an additional electrical load on the bearing raceways and the used lubricant were investigated. Chemical investigations and viscosity measurements were presented, which show the changes in the lubricant. [...] Read more.
Within this paper, electro-mechanical long-term tests on a thrust bearing were presented. The effects of an additional electrical load on the bearing raceways and the used lubricant were investigated. Chemical investigations and viscosity measurements were presented, which show the changes in the lubricant. These investigations were compared with the electrical loads and the occurring raceway damage. In addition, a comparison was made with mechanical reference tests. This procedure makes it possible to classify the changes that occur due to the electrical load and to distinguish the effects from each other. The background to these investigations is the increased occurrence of parasitic currents in electric motors, which can lead to damage to machine elements. The phenomena that occur here are new challenges in the development of drive trains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits)
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20 pages, 12825 KiB  
Review
Electrical Bearing Damage, A Problem in the Nano- and Macro-Range
by Volker Schneider, Cara Behrendt, Pauline Höltje, Daniel Cornel, Florian Michael Becker-Dombrowsky, Steffen Puchtler, Francisco Gutiérrez Guzmán, Bernd Ponick, Georg Jacobs and Eckhard Kirchner
Lubricants 2022, 10(8), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10080194 - 21 Aug 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3038
Abstract
Rolling bearings face different damaging effects: Besides mechanical effects, current-induced bearing damage occurs in electrical drive systems. Therefore, it is of increasing interest to understand the differences leading to known electrical damage patterns. It is of utmost importance not to consider the harmful [...] Read more.
Rolling bearings face different damaging effects: Besides mechanical effects, current-induced bearing damage occurs in electrical drive systems. Therefore, it is of increasing interest to understand the differences leading to known electrical damage patterns. It is of utmost importance not to consider the harmful current passage in the machine element as an isolated phenomenon but to take into account the whole drive system consisting of the machine elements, the electric motor and the connected power electronics. This publication works toward providing an overview of the state-of-the-art of research regarding electrical bearing currents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits)
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