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21 pages, 1484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thickening Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose in Aqueous Lubrication

by Jan Ulrich Michaelis, Sandra Kiese, Tobias Amann, Christopher Folland, Tobias Asam and Peter Eisner

Lubricants 2023, 11(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11030112 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3472

Abstract

Increasingly restricted availability and environmental impact of mineral oils have boosted the interest in sustainable lubrication. In this study, the thickening properties of sodium carboxymethyl celluloses (CMCs) were investigated in order to assess their potential as viscosity modifiers in aqueous gear and bearing [...] Read more.

Increasingly restricted availability and environmental impact of mineral oils have boosted the interest in sustainable lubrication. In this study, the thickening properties of sodium carboxymethyl celluloses (CMCs) were investigated in order to assess their potential as viscosity modifiers in aqueous gear and bearing fluids. The pressure, temperature and shear dependence of viscosity was studied at different concentrations and molecular weights

M_{W}

. The tribological properties were investigated at different viscosity grades in both sliding and rolling contact, and compared to rapeseed oil and polyethylene glycol 400. The viscosity of the CMC solutions was adjustable to all application-relevant viscosity grades. Viscosity indices were similar or higher compared to the reference fluids and mineral oil. Temporary and permanent viscosity losses increased with

M_{W}

. Permanent viscosity loss was highest for high

M_{W}

derivatives, up to 70%. The pressure-viscosity coefficients

α

were low and showed a high dependency on shear and concentration. In rolling contact, low

M_{W}

CMC showed up to 35% lower friction values compared to high

M_{W}

, whereas no improvement of lubricating properties was observed in sliding contact. The results suggest that low

M_{W}

CMC has great potential as bio-based thickener in aqueous lubrication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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17 pages, 16315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lubrication Performance and Mechanism of Electrostatically Charged Alcohol Aqueous Solvents with Aluminum–Steel Contact

by Xiaodong Hu, Ying Wang, Hongmei Tang, Yu Xia, Shuiquan Huang, Xuefeng Xu and Ruochong Zhang

Lubricants 2022, 10(11), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10110322 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1765

Abstract

Alcohol aqueous solvents were prepared by individually adding n-propanol, isopropanol, 1,2-propanediol, and glycerol to deionized water for use as lubricants for the electrostatic minimum quantity lubrication (EMQL) machining of aluminum alloys. The tribological characteristics of those formulated alcohol solvents under EMQL were assessed [...] Read more.

Alcohol aqueous solvents were prepared by individually adding n-propanol, isopropanol, 1,2-propanediol, and glycerol to deionized water for use as lubricants for the electrostatic minimum quantity lubrication (EMQL) machining of aluminum alloys. The tribological characteristics of those formulated alcohol solvents under EMQL were assessed using a four-ball configuration with an aluminum–steel contact, and their static chemisorption on the aluminum surfaces was investigated. It was found that the negatively charged alcohol lubricants (with charging voltages of −5 kV) resulted in 31% and 15% reductions in the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD), respectively, in comparison with those generated using neutral alcohol lubricants. During the EMQL, static charges could help dissociate the alcohol molecules, generating more negative ions, which accelerated the chemisorption of those alcohol molecules on the aluminum surfaces and thereby yielded a relatively homogeneous-reacted film consisting of more carbon and oxygen. This lubricating film improved the interfacial lubrication, thus producing a better tribological performance for the aluminum alloys. The results achieved from this study will offer a new way to develop high-performance lubrication technologies for machining aluminum alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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15 pages, 2872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lubrication Performance and Mechanism of Water-Based TiO₂ Nanolubricants in Micro Deep Drawing of Pure Titanium Foils

by Muyuan Zhou, Fanghui Jia, Jingru Yan, Hui Wu and Zhengyi Jiang

Lubricants 2022, 10(11), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10110292 - 02 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

Micro deep drawing (MDD) is a fundamental process in microforming which has wide applications in micro electromechanical system (MEMS) and biological engineering. Titanium possesses excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which makes it a preferred material in micromanufacturing. In this study, eco-friendly and low-cost [...] Read more.

Micro deep drawing (MDD) is a fundamental process in microforming which has wide applications in micro electromechanical system (MEMS) and biological engineering. Titanium possesses excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which makes it a preferred material in micromanufacturing. In this study, eco-friendly and low-cost water-based TiO₂ nanolubricants were developed and applied in the MDD with 40 μm-thick pure titanium foils. The lubricants consisting of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs), 10 wt% glycerol, 0.1 wt% sodium dodecyl-benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and balanced water were synthesised in a facile process. The MDD with 40 μm-thick pure titanium was carried out using the lubricants with varying concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt%. The results show that the formability of micro cups could be significantly improved when the nanolubricants are applied. Especially, the use of 1.0 wt% TiO₂ nanolubricant demonstrates the best lubrication performance by significantly reducing the final drawing forces, and surface roughness, and the wrinkles by up to 24.2%, 12.55% and 4.82%, respectively. The lubrication mechanisms including the ball bearing and mending effects of NPs on open lubricant pockets (OLPs) and close lubricant pockets (CLPs) areas were then revealed through microstructure observation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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15 pages, 4476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lubrication Mechanisms of a Nanocutting Fluid with Carbon Nanotubes and Sulfurized Isobutylene (CNTs@T321) Composites as Additives

by Jiju Guan, Chao Gao, Zhengya Xu, Lanyu Yang and Shuiquan Huang

Lubricants 2022, 10(8), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10080189 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1588

Abstract

Developing high-efficiency lubricant additives and high-performance green cutting fluids has universal significance for maximizing processing efficiency, lowering manufacturing cost, and more importantly reducing environmental concerns caused by the use of conventional mineral oil-based cutting fluids. In this study, a nanocomposite is synthesized by [...] Read more.

Developing high-efficiency lubricant additives and high-performance green cutting fluids has universal significance for maximizing processing efficiency, lowering manufacturing cost, and more importantly reducing environmental concerns caused by the use of conventional mineral oil-based cutting fluids. In this study, a nanocomposite is synthesized by filling sulfurized isobutylene (T321) into acid-treated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a liquid-phase wet chemical method. The milling performance of a nanocutting fluid containing CNTs@T321 composites is assessed using a micro-lubrication technology in terms of cutting temperature, cutting force, tool wear, and surface roughness. The composite nanofluid performs better than an individual CNT nanofluid regarding milling performance, with 12%, 20%, and 15% reductions in the cutting force, machining temperature, and surface roughness, respectively. The addition of CNTs@T321 nanocomposites improves the thermal conductivity and wetting performance of the nanofluid, as well as produces a complex lubricating film by releasing T321 during machining. The synergistic effect improves the cutting state at the tool–chip interface, thereby resulting in improved machining performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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13 pages, 6918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Friction and Wear Properties of a Nanoscale Ionic Liquid-like GO@SiO₂ Hybrid as a Water-Based Lubricant Additive

by Liang Hao, Wendi Hao, Peipei Li, Guangming Liu, Huaying Li, Abdulrahman Aljabri and Zhongliang Xie

Lubricants 2022, 10(6), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10060125 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2150

Abstract

In this study, a nanoscale ionic liquid (NIL) GO@SiO₂ hybrid was synthesized by attaching silica nanoparticles onto graphene oxide (GO). It was then functionalized to exhibit liquid-like behavior in the absence of solvents. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized samples [...] Read more.

In this study, a nanoscale ionic liquid (NIL) GO@SiO₂ hybrid was synthesized by attaching silica nanoparticles onto graphene oxide (GO). It was then functionalized to exhibit liquid-like behavior in the absence of solvents. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized samples were characterized by means of a transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The tribological properties of the NIL GO@SiO₂ hybrid as a water-based (WB) lubricant additive were investigated on a ball-on-disk tribometer. The results illustrate that the NIL GO@SiO₂ hybrid demonstrates good dispersity as a WB lubricant, and can decrease both the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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17 pages, 5137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of an Electrical Double Layer and Tribo-Induced Electric Field on the Penetration and Lubrication of Water-Based Lubricants

by Zhiqiang Luan, Wenshuai Liu, Yu Xia, Ruochong Zhang, Bohua Feng, Xiaodong Hu, Shuiquan Huang and Xuefeng Xu

Lubricants 2022, 10(6), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10060111 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1958

Abstract

Understanding the effects of electrical double layers (EDL) and tribo-induced electric fields on the electroosmotic behaviors of lubricants is important for developing high-performance water-based lubricants. In this study, EDL conductivities of aqueous lubricants containing a surfactant of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) [...] Read more.

Understanding the effects of electrical double layers (EDL) and tribo-induced electric fields on the electroosmotic behaviors of lubricants is important for developing high-performance water-based lubricants. In this study, EDL conductivities of aqueous lubricants containing a surfactant of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were analyzed. The interfacial zeta potentials of the synthesized lubricants and Al₂O₃ ceramic-alloy steel contacts were measured, and frictional potentials of ceramic and steel surfaces were determined using a modified ball-on-disc configuration. The distribution characteristics of the tribo-induced electric field of the ceramic-steel sliding contact were numerically analyzed. The electroosmotic behaviors of the lubricants were investigated using a four-ball configuration. It was found that an EDL and tribo-induced electric field was a crucial enabler in stimulating the electroosmosis of lubricants. Through altering EDL structures, CHAPS enhanced the electroosmosis and penetration of the water-based lubricant, thus resulting in improved lubrication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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13 pages, 8128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Friction and Wear Characteristics of Aqueous ZrO₂/GO Hybrid Nanolubricants

by Shuiquan Huang, Zhen Wang, Longhua Xu and Chuanzhen Huang

Lubricants 2022, 10(6), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10060109 - 01 Jun 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

Aqueous nanolubricants containing ZrO₂ nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, or hybrid nanoparticles of ZrO₂ and GO were formulated using a cost-effective ultrasonication de-agglomeration method. The friction and wear characteristics of these water-based nanolubricants were systematically investigated using a block-on-ring testing configuration [...] Read more.

Aqueous nanolubricants containing ZrO₂ nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, or hybrid nanoparticles of ZrO₂ and GO were formulated using a cost-effective ultrasonication de-agglomeration method. The friction and wear characteristics of these water-based nanolubricants were systematically investigated using a block-on-ring testing configuration with a stainless- and alloy steel contact pair. The concentrations and mass ratios of nanoadditives were varied from 0.02 to 0.10 wt.% and 1:5 to 5:1, respectively, to obtain optimal lubrication performance. The application of a 0.06 wt.% 1:1 ZrO₂/GO hybrid nanolubricant resulted in a 57% reduction in COF and a 77% decrease in wear volume compared to water. The optimised ZrO₂/GO hybrid nanolubricant was found to perform better than pure ZrO₂ and GO nanolubricant in terms of tribological performance due to its synergistic lubrication effect, which showed up to 54% and 41% reductions in friction as well as 42% and 20% decreases in wear compared with 0.06 wt.% ZrO₂ and 0.06 wt.% GO nanolubricants. The analysis of wear scars revealed that using such a ZrO₂/GO hybrid nanolubricant yielded a smooth worn surface, with 87%, 45%, and 33% reductions in S_a compared to water and 0.06 wt.% ZrO₂ and 0.06 wt.% GO nanolubricants. The superior tribological performance can be ascribed to the combination of the rolling effect of ZrO₂ nanoparticles and the slipping effect of GO nanosheets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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Review

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62 pages, 9009 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Water-Based Nanolubricants

by Afshana Morshed, Hui Wu and Zhengyi Jiang

Lubricants 2021, 9(9), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9090089 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5748

Abstract

Applying nanomaterials and nanotechnology in lubrication has become increasingly popular and important to further reduce the friction and wear in engineering applications. To achieve green manufacturing and its sustainable development, water-based nanolubricants are emerging as promising alternatives to the traditional oil-containing lubricants that [...] Read more.

Applying nanomaterials and nanotechnology in lubrication has become increasingly popular and important to further reduce the friction and wear in engineering applications. To achieve green manufacturing and its sustainable development, water-based nanolubricants are emerging as promising alternatives to the traditional oil-containing lubricants that inevitably pose environmental issues when burnt and discharged. This review presents an overview of recent advances in water-based nanolubricants, starting from the preparation of the lubricants using different types of nanoadditives, followed by the techniques to evaluate and enhance their dispersion stability, and the commonly used tribo-testing methods. The lubrication mechanisms and models are discussed with special attention given to the roles of the nanoadditives. Finally, the applications of water-based nanolubricants in metal rolling are summarised, and the outlook for future research directions is proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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25 pages, 1848 KiB

Open AccessReview

Water-Based Lubricants: Development, Properties, and Performances

by Md Hafizur Rahman, Haley Warneke, Haley Webbert, Joaquin Rodriguez, Ethan Austin, Keli Tokunaga, Dipen Kumar Rajak and Pradeep L. Menezes

Lubricants 2021, 9(8), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9080073 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 21766

Abstract

Water-based lubricants (WBLs) have been at the forefront of recent research, due to the abundant availability of water at a low cost. However, in metallic tribo-systems, WBLs often exhibit poor performance compared to petroleum-based lubricants. Research and development indicate that nano-additives improve the [...] Read more.

Water-based lubricants (WBLs) have been at the forefront of recent research, due to the abundant availability of water at a low cost. However, in metallic tribo-systems, WBLs often exhibit poor performance compared to petroleum-based lubricants. Research and development indicate that nano-additives improve the lubrication performance of water. Some of these additives could be categorized as solid nanoparticles, ionic liquids, and bio-based oils. These additives improve the tribological properties and help to reduce friction, wear, and corrosion. This review explored different water-based lubricant additives and summarized their properties and performances. Viscosity, density, wettability, and solubility are discussed to determine the viability of using water-based nano-lubricants compared to petroleum-based lubricants for reducing friction and wear in machining. Water-based liquid lubricants also have environmental benefits over petroleum-based lubricants. Further research is needed to understand and optimize water-based lubrication for tribological systems completely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water-Based Nanolubricants)

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