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Lubricants
Special Issues
Friction and Wear in Composite Materials
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Friction and Wear in Composite Materials

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 15190

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Mike Adams

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Interests: tribology; wear and frictional phenomena; lubrication; contact phenomena or surface characterization; new materials and their tribological behavior; reduction of friction and wear
Dr. Anshul Yadav

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
Interests: water treatment; membrane processes; computational fluid dynamics; composites; wastewater treatment; adsorption
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Anil Kumar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology Sultanpur, Sultanpur 228118, India
Interests: friction; wear; lubrication; nanocomposites; metal matrix composites; polymer matrix composites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We want to invite you to contribute to the Special Issue of Lubricants entitled “Friction and Wear in Composite Materials”. A wear material can be used to reduce dimensional changes due to unwanted material removal, reduce friction losses, adjust the physical performance of a component, and provide a physically stable work surface. Wear can be divided into several categories, such as abrasion, adhesion, delamination, and thermal wear during sliding contact. Surface fatigue and deformation wear are a phenomenon of shock or load rate, and corrosive wear is caused by the interaction of the wear surface with the local environment. The selection of materials and methods for wear applications is essential for both technological advancement and manufacturing activities. There is a lot of interest in replacing hard metallurgical coatings with new materials and systems that are more environmentally caring and can provide equal or better performance than those materials they replace. There are several materials available in the environment that can provide better tribological behaviour when they are used as composites. The operating parameters and environmental condition are deciding factor for evaluation the rate of wear. The research article/ review article related to mechanical and wear behaviours of monolithic and composites materials are invited from researchers/academician in this special issue for publication.

The processing of the material by incorporating some hard materials within it or by coating base materials with some hard materials may improve wear resistant. We would like to include papers related to the improved wear resistance of metals, alloy, and composites experimental and simulation work in this Special Issue.

We appreciate your consideration and sincerely hope that you will accept our invitation to contribute to this Special Issue.

We look forward to hearing from you soon.

Prof. Dr. Mike Adams
Dr. Anshul Yadav
Dr. Anil Kumar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 6651 KiB  
Article
Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Ni-B and Ni-B-W Coatings Prepared by Electroless Plating
by Fan Zhao, Hong Hu, Jiaxin Yu, Jianping Lai, Hongtu He, Yafeng Zhang, Huimin Qi and Dongwei Wang
Lubricants 2023, 11(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020042 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2260
Abstract
Ni-B binary coating and Ni-B-W ternary coating were successfully prepared on titanium alloy (TC4) substrates by electroless plating to improve the hardness and wear resistance, followed by annealing treatment for better mechanical properties and tribological properties. The morphology, composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and [...] Read more.
Ni-B binary coating and Ni-B-W ternary coating were successfully prepared on titanium alloy (TC4) substrates by electroless plating to improve the hardness and wear resistance, followed by annealing treatment for better mechanical properties and tribological properties. The morphology, composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological behaviors of the coatings were characterized. Both as-plated coatings were amorphous, while the composition and morphology of the Ni-B-W coating differed from those of the Ni-B coating. Additionally, the Ni-B-W coating had better mechanical and tribological properties with a more considerable hardness (13.5 GPa), a minor friction coefficient (0.42), and a lower wear rate (0.10 × 10−7 cm3/(N·m)). After annealing, both coatings were crystalline. In parallel to the as-plated coating, the annealed coatings showed larger hardness values because of the formation of hard phases. Moreover, the crystalline grain of the coatings grew as the annealing temperature rose from 350 °C to 650 °C. Accordingly, the coatings showed a minor hardness value, a major friction coefficient, and severe wear under the same conditions. Above all, the Ni-B-W coating annealed at 350 °C showed the best performance, with an average grain size of 26.3 nm, hardness of 15.9 GPa, friction coefficient of 0.34, and wear rate of 0.09 × 10−7 cm3/(N·m). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear in Composite Materials)
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13 pages, 14430 KiB  
Article
Influence of Al2O3 Nanoparticles Addition in ZA-27 Alloy-Based Nanocomposites and Soft Computing Prediction
by Aleksandar Vencl, Petr Svoboda, Simon Klančnik, Adrian But, Miloš Vorkapić, Marta Harničárová and Blaža Stojanović
Lubricants 2023, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11010024 - 7 Jan 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2071
Abstract
Three different and very small amounts of alumina (0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) in two sizes (approx. 25 and 100 nm) were used to enhance the wear characteristics of ZA-27 alloy-based nanocomposites. Production was realised through mechanical alloying in pre-processing and compocasting [...] Read more.
Three different and very small amounts of alumina (0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) in two sizes (approx. 25 and 100 nm) were used to enhance the wear characteristics of ZA-27 alloy-based nanocomposites. Production was realised through mechanical alloying in pre-processing and compocasting processes. Wear tests were under lubricated sliding conditions on a block-on-disc tribometer, at two sliding speeds (0.25 and 1 m/s), two normal loads (40 and 100 N) and a sliding distance of 1000 m. Experimental results were analysed by applying the response surface methodology (RSM) and a suitable mathematical model for the wear rate of tested nanocomposites was developed. Appropriate wear maps were constructed and the wear mechanism is discussed in this paper. The accuracy of the prediction was evaluated with the use of an artificial neural network (ANN). The architecture of the used ANN was 4-5-1 and the obtained overall regression coefficient was 0.98729. The comparison of the predicting methods showed that ANN is more efficient in predicting wear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear in Composite Materials)
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22 pages, 12107 KiB  
Article
Influence of Si3N4 on the Dry Sliding Wear Characteristics of Stir-Cast Cu-10Sn/xSi3N4 Metal Matrix Composite for Bearing Applications
by Sooraj Satheesh, Gokul Krishna Gopakumar Priya, Govind Venugopal, Anuranjan Anil, Jayakrishna Ajithkumar Jayasree, Anandhan Ajan Vishnu, Karthik Venkitraman Shankar and Anil Kumar
Lubricants 2022, 10(12), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10120351 - 5 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2129
Abstract
Bronze metal matrix composites (MMCs) are futuristic materials that may find applications in automobile, aviation, and marine industries, specifically for propellers in submarines, bearings, and bushings for defence purposes. The present investigation studied the effect of Si3N4 (5, 10, 15 [...] Read more.
Bronze metal matrix composites (MMCs) are futuristic materials that may find applications in automobile, aviation, and marine industries, specifically for propellers in submarines, bearings, and bushings for defence purposes. The present investigation studied the effect of Si3N4 (5, 10, 15 wt%) ceramic particles on the physical, metallurgical, and tribological behaviour of Cu-10Sn/Si3N4 MMCs. Cast rods of three composites and a base alloy were fabricated using the liquid metallurgy route. The microstructural characterisation for the cast samples was conducted using FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), which revealed that the Cu-10Sn alloy reinforced with 5 wt% of Si3N4 had homogeneous distribution and perfect bonding of the Si3N4 with the bronze MMC. The dry sliding wear test was performed by varying parameters such as the applied load (10, 20, 30 N) and sliding velocity (1, 2, 3 m/s). The specific wear rate (SWR) increased against an increased load. However, the SWR and coefficient of friction decreased and then increased against an increasing sliding velocity due to tribolayer formation. The primary wear mechanism observed at low and high loads was severe delamination. In contrast, the wear mechanism was adhesion wear at high and low velocities. Amongst the researched samples, Cu-10Sn/5 wt% Si3N4 composites revealed the least SWR at a load of 10 N and sliding velocity of 2 m/s and hence can be recommended for manufacturing bearings and bushings in the automobile and defence industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear in Composite Materials)
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27 pages, 10540 KiB  
Article
Self-Lubricating Effect of WC/Y–TZP–Al2O3 Hybrid Ceramic–Matrix Composites with Dispersed Hadfield Steel Particles during High-Speed Sliding against an HSS Disk
by Nickolai Savchenko, Irina Sevostyanova, Mikhail Grigoriev, Tatiana Sablina, Ales Buyakov, Maxim Rudmin, Andrey Vorontsov, Evgeny Moskvichev, Valery Rubtsov and Sergei Tarasov
Lubricants 2022, 10(7), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10070140 - 4 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2666
Abstract
WC/Y–TZP–Al2O3 hybrid ceramic–matrix composites (CMCs) with dispersed Hadfield steel particles were sintered and then tested at sliding speeds in the range of 7–37 m/s and contact pressure 5 MPa. Fast and low-temperature sinter-forging allowed obtaining micron-sized WC grains, submicron-sized alumina-reinforced [...] Read more.
WC/Y–TZP–Al2O3 hybrid ceramic–matrix composites (CMCs) with dispersed Hadfield steel particles were sintered and then tested at sliding speeds in the range of 7–37 m/s and contact pressure 5 MPa. Fast and low-temperature sinter-forging allowed obtaining micron-sized WC grains, submicron-sized alumina-reinforced yttria partially stabilized polycrystalline tetragonal zirconia (Y–TZP–Al2O3), and evenly distributed Hadfield steel grains. Such a microstructure provided new hybrid characteristics combining high hardness with high fracture toughness and tribological adaptation. The CMCs demonstrated low friction and high wear resistance that were better than those demonstrated by other composite materials such as, for example, MAX-phase composites, zirconia-base ceramics, ZrB2-SiC ceramics, and metal matrix WC–(Fe–Mn–C) composites. These good tribological characteristics were obtained due to the in situ mechanochemical formation of iron tungstates FeWO4 and Fe2WO6 on the worn surfaces of composite samples. These mixed oxides were included in multilayer subsurface structures that provided the self-lubricating and self-healing effects in high-speed sliding because of their easy shear and quasi-viscous behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear in Composite Materials)
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16 pages, 12764 KiB  
Article
Carbon Structures and Tribological Properties of Fe-C-SiC Self-Lubricating Metal Matrix Composites Prepared with α/β-SiC Polytypes
by Guilherme Oliveira Neves, Diego Berti Salvaro, Tatiana Bendo, Deise Rebelo Consoni, José Daniel Biasoli de Mello, Cristiano Binder and Aloisio Nelmo Klein
Lubricants 2022, 10(6), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10060112 - 2 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2314
Abstract
Sintered iron-based self-lubricant composites in which graphite reservoirs are generated by the dissociation of silicon carbide (SiC) particles feature low friction coefficients and scuffing resistance combined with high mechanical stress. This work evaluated the influence of the sintering temperature and the SiC polytype [...] Read more.
Sintered iron-based self-lubricant composites in which graphite reservoirs are generated by the dissociation of silicon carbide (SiC) particles feature low friction coefficients and scuffing resistance combined with high mechanical stress. This work evaluated the influence of the sintering temperature and the SiC polytype on the graphite reservoirs morphology, structure, and friction behaviour. The reservoirs were studied by field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The friction behaviour was evaluated by cylinder on plane tests (friction coefficient and scuffing resistance). The results showed that the SiC polytype and the sintering temperature modified the graphite structures. The SiC dissociation promoted the formation of different nano graphites, presenting different turbostratic 2D and 3D arrays. The results showed that the presence of the turbostratic graphite was beneficial to the friction behaviour of these composites, which offered better tribological performance than the composite with 3D graphite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear in Composite Materials)
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15 pages, 6381 KiB  
Article
Self-Lubricating Effect of FeWO4 Tribologically Synthesized from WC-(Fe-Mn-C) Composite during High-Speed Sliding against a HSS Disk
by Nikolai Savchenko, Irina Sevostyanova and Sergei Tarasov
Lubricants 2022, 10(5), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10050086 - 4 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2015
Abstract
WC-(Fe-Mn-C) composites with γ-iron and γ + α’ matrices were sintered and then tested at sliding speeds in the range 7–37 m/s. The coefficient of friction was exponentially reduced as a function of sliding speed reaching its minimum at 37 m/s. This behavior [...] Read more.
WC-(Fe-Mn-C) composites with γ-iron and γ + α’ matrices were sintered and then tested at sliding speeds in the range 7–37 m/s. The coefficient of friction was exponentially reduced as a function of sliding speed reaching its minimum at 37 m/s. This behavior was provided by the mechanochemical formation of iron tungstate FeWO4 on the worn surfaces of composite samples. The lubricating effect of iron tungstate did not, however, allow for a reduction in wear. The worn surface was represented by a 3–10 μm-thickness tribological layer composed of fine WC and iron particles cemented by FeWO4. This layer provided the self-lubricating effect in high-speed (high-temperature) sliding because of its easy shear and quasi-viscous behavior. The underlying 25–65 μm of thickness layer was composed of only heat-affected WC and recrystallized iron grains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear in Composite Materials)
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