Conservative Management of Chronic Disease—2nd Edition

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 26 February 2026 | Viewed by 957

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chronic conditions are representative of various health-related states of the human body, such as syndromes, physical impairments, disabilities, and diseases. Individuals across all age groups, regions, and countries are affected by chronic diseases. Conservative management is a type of medical treatment defined by the avoidance of invasive measures such as surgery, usually with the aim of preserving function. The aims of conservative management are as follows:

  1. Preventing the symptoms of disease;
  2. Treating the symptoms of disease;
  3. Protecting and maintaining functions.

For this Special Issue, “Conservative Management of Chronic Disease”, we invite submissions from researchers on a wide spectrum of topics related to improving and enhancing chronic disease management.

Dr. Jonathan Sinclair
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • chronic disease
  • conservative management
  • trial protocol
  • clinical research
  • interventions

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

19 pages, 1829 KB  
Article
Toe-In and Toe-Out Walking Patterns and Lateral Wedge Insoles: A Musculoskeletal Simulation and Probabilistic Modelling Assessment of Medial Tibiofemoral Cartilage Mechanics
by Jonathan Sinclair and Guoying Zhang
Life 2025, 15(11), 1677; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111677 - 28 Oct 2025
Viewed by 649
Abstract
This study examined lateral wedge insoles and altered foot progression angles on medial tibiofemoral loading and long-term cartilage failure risk. Fifteen healthy male participants walked under four conditions: neutral gait, lateral wedge insoles, toe-in and toe-out gait. Three-dimensional kinematics were captured using an [...] Read more.
This study examined lateral wedge insoles and altered foot progression angles on medial tibiofemoral loading and long-term cartilage failure risk. Fifteen healthy male participants walked under four conditions: neutral gait, lateral wedge insoles, toe-in and toe-out gait. Three-dimensional kinematics were captured using an eight-camera system, and ground reaction forces were measured via a piezoelectric force plate. Musculoskeletal simulation analysis quantified tibiofemoral compressive forces, cartilage stresses, strains, and whole-body metabolic power. Probabilistic modelling was employed to estimate the probability of cartilage failure. Comparisons across the four gait conditions employed linear mixed-effects models with repeated measures. Peak compressive forces, stresses and strains were significantly larger in the neutral (force = 2.68 BW, stress = 2.61 MPa & strain = 0.22), compared to toe-in (force = 2.51 BW, stress 2.47 MPa & strain = 0.21) and toe-out (force = 2.43 BW, stress 2.40 MPa & strain = 0.21) conditions. Medial tibiofemoral cartilage failure probability was also significantly larger in the neutral condition (14.04%) compared to toe-in (10.66%) and toe-out (7.89%) conditions. Whole-body metabolic power was also significantly greater in the toe-out (9.74 W/kg) condition compared to neutral (9.32 W/kg) and lateral insoles (9.36 W/kg). The findings suggest that toe-in or toe-out walking may reduce medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis risk. However, the greater metabolic demand of toe-out walking may limit its long-term feasibility and practicality as a preventive intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservative Management of Chronic Disease—2nd Edition)
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