Application of the Ecosystem Service in Landscape Planning: From Cognition to Decision-Making (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Land Planning and Landscape Architecture".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2026 | Viewed by 2107

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
Interests: landscape planning; urban green space; public health
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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
Interests: ecosystm service; ecogloical conservation and restoration; human wellbeing
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Guest Editor
Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Institute of Geography at University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Interests: ecosystm service; ecogloical conservation and restoration
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Guest Editor
School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
Interests: ecosystm service; green infrastructure
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Landscape planning aims to meet diverse human demands by managing the landscape structure and pattern and emphasizes the importance of nature-based solutions for sustainable development. The ecosystem service (ES) provides straightforward insights for different stakeholders to understand the benefits provided by landscapes to humans. One of the ultimate goals of landscape planning is to improve human wellbeing, which depends on the sustainable ES supply. In recent years, scientists and decision-makers have devoted great efforts to integrating ES science into landscape planning. The systematic ES classification framework helps planners understand how landscape planning can contribute to human wellbeing from different aspects and can further be used to identify opportunities to synergistically improve multiple benefits provided by landscapes. Moreover, well-developed ES quantification and mapping can synthesize and interpret multiple existing information related to human wellbeing. Complex socio-ecological information such as land use and soil characteristics can be transferred into information on ESs, which have clear implications for planning decision-making. Integrating ES knowledge into landscape planning can not only provide instrumental tools for existing planning but can also enrich planners’ understanding of human–environmental interactions to develop innovative planning strategies. Today, landscape planning has become an important science–policy interface for the ES. However, it should be noticed that the application of the ES in landscape planning is still in the early stage.

This Special Issue aims to bridge ES science and landscape planning practice and calls for theoretical and empirical studies illustrating how to integrate ES knowledge into the different phases of landscape planning, e.g., determining planning objectives, scenario setting, and assessment and monitoring. We particularly welcome submissions on the following topics:

  1. The conceptual framework linking landscape planning with the ES;
  2. Landscape planning and management decision-making based on the ES;
  3. Evaluating the impacts of existing and potential landscape planning on the ES; 
  4. ES trade-offs/synergies in landscape planning;
  5. Developing ES assessment technologies oriented with landscape planning.

We invite researchers worldwide to submit original research articles, review articles, and case studies to jointly explore the application of ecosystem services in landscape planning. Through the publication of this Special Issue, we hope to provide new perspectives and methods for strengthening the linkage between the ES and landscape planning, which can contribute to the improvement of human wellbeing. We look forward to receiving your original research articles and reviews.

Prof. Dr. Xi Li
Dr. Kai Li
Dr. Yuejing Rong
Dr. Hao Xia
Dr. Ruhong Xin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ecosystem service
  • landscape planning and design
  • ecosystem management decision-making
  • trade-off and synergy
  • human wellbeing
  • green infrastructure
  • socio-ecological interaction
  • landscape conservation and restoration
  • nature-based solutions

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

34 pages, 43492 KB  
Article
Trade-Offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services and Spatial Zoning Optimization in Shandong Province from a Linear–Nonlinear Coupling Perspective
by Haoyue Li, Dawei Mei, Haijiao Yu, Liang Wang, Hangting Yu and Zihan Yang
Land 2026, 15(5), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15050760 - 30 Apr 2026
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Rapid urbanization has profoundly reshaped land use patterns and intensified pressures on ecosystem structures, thereby exacerbating trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services (ESs). Understanding ecosystem service trade-offs, synergies, and their attribution mechanisms is critical for balancing ecological conservation and regional sustainable development in [...] Read more.
Rapid urbanization has profoundly reshaped land use patterns and intensified pressures on ecosystem structures, thereby exacerbating trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services (ESs). Understanding ecosystem service trade-offs, synergies, and their attribution mechanisms is critical for balancing ecological conservation and regional sustainable development in rapidly developing regions. This study quantified provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services in Shandong Province from 2000 to 2020 using the InVEST model and spatial analysis. An integrated framework combining Pearson correlation and bagplot analysis was developed to identify linear and nonlinear ES trade-offs and synergies, while the XGBoost–SHAP model was applied to quantify the relative contributions of natural and socioeconomic drivers. Ecosystem service bundles were further identified using a self-organizing map to delineate spatially functional zones. The results showed that: (1) Provisioning and cultural services increased markedly, whereas regulating and supporting services generally declined. Spatially, provisioning services were concentrated in the western plains, regulating and supporting services in the central mountains and eastern hills, and cultural services in urban areas. (2) Strong trade-offs emerged between provisioning services and most regulating/supporting services, while regulating and supporting services exhibited pronounced synergies. Cultural services reflected a generally compatible relationship with other ESs. (3) Regulating and supporting services were primarily shaped by natural conditions and land use patterns, whereas provisioning and cultural services were more strongly driven by socioeconomic factors. (4) SOM clustering identified four major functional zones, the ecological core zone, the ecological degraded zone, the food production zone, and the urban composite zone, each corresponding to differentiated ecosystem functions and development trajectories. The integrated framework provides a scientific basis for ecosystem-service-oriented spatial zoning and targeted management strategies to reconcile ecological protection and urbanization in rapidly developing regions. Full article
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15 pages, 422 KB  
Article
Integration of Landscape Ecological Data in Spatial Planning in Slovakia
by Zita Izakovičová and František Petrovič
Land 2026, 15(4), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15040549 - 27 Mar 2026
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Abstract
This paper is focused on the evaluation of the implementation of landscape ecological documents in spatial planning processes in Slovakia. The implementation of landscape ecological regulations in spatial planning is a necessary condition for ensuring sustainable land use. The basic tools in Slovakia [...] Read more.
This paper is focused on the evaluation of the implementation of landscape ecological documents in spatial planning processes in Slovakia. The implementation of landscape ecological regulations in spatial planning is a necessary condition for ensuring sustainable land use. The basic tools in Slovakia can be considered the landscape ecological plan and the territorial system of ecological stability, which are also enshrined in legislation. The landscape ecological plan is more complex. It represents a complex process of mutual coordination of the spatial requirements of human activities with the landscape ecological conditions of the territory. This paper presents the position of landscape ecological planning in legislation, presents basic theoretical and methodological approaches to the processing of landscape ecological documentation, barriers to the successful implementation in real practice, and also defines basic measures to improve the situation. Slovakia has a good theoretical and methodological basis for processing landscape ecological studies and also legislative support, but its implementation in real practice in spatial development is weaker. The specifics and strength of landscape ecological planning in Slovakia are the bridging of the sectoral approach to landscape management and its replacement with an integrated approach. Full article
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19 pages, 3786 KB  
Article
Assessing the Effectiveness and Driving Forces of the Ecological Conservation Redline in Hainan Island Based on the Multiple Ecosystem Service Landscape Index
by Chuanzhuo Liang, Peihong Jia, Yuxin Zhu and Diangong Gao
Land 2026, 15(2), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15020355 - 23 Feb 2026
Viewed by 907
Abstract
The Ecological Conservation Redline (ECR) is a key spatial policy tool in China’s efforts to protect the Ecosystem Services (ES) of Hainan Island. However, its effectiveness in promoting the coordinated restoration of Hainan Island’s ES remains unclear. This study employs the InVEST model [...] Read more.
The Ecological Conservation Redline (ECR) is a key spatial policy tool in China’s efforts to protect the Ecosystem Services (ES) of Hainan Island. However, its effectiveness in promoting the coordinated restoration of Hainan Island’s ES remains unclear. This study employs the InVEST model to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon storage, habitat quality, water yield, and soil retention within the ECR zones of Hainan Island from 1990 to 2020. A Multiple Ecosystem Service Landscape Index (MESLI) was constructed, and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) was applied to examine the influence of ECR implementation on ES synergies and the spatial drivers underlying these patterns, aiming to elucidate the complex interactions between conservation policy and ecosystem functioning. The results show that (1) the delineation of the ECR has facilitated ecological restoration in the region. MESLI detrimentally declined before 2010 but positively increased by 12.7% during 2010–2020, indicating an improvement consistent with the period of ECR implementation. Moreover, (2) ESs within the ECR display marked spatial heterogeneity. GWR results reveal that MESLI is positively associated with vegetation cover and slope, and negatively associated with population density, with pronounced disparities in northern and central regions that call for differentiated governance strategies. Finally, (3) constructing a composite evaluation framework based on multiple ESs contributes to optimizing the delineation and management of ECRs, enhancing their scientific support for regional sustainable development. This study provides decision-making guidance for the zoned governance of conservation areas on tropical islands and offers insights for redline management in other ecologically sensitive regions. Full article
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