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Acute Ischemic Stroke: Current Status and Future Challenges—2nd Edition

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Neurology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2026 | Viewed by 1283

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Stroke and Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, London W6 8RF, UK
2. Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Interests: stroke; cryptogenetic stroke; atrial fibrillation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following the success of the first volume of this Special Issue (https://www.mdpi.com/si/195695), we decided to launch a second volume to discuss a greater number of relevant topics.

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and the primary cause of disability worldwide, with ischemic stroke accounting for approximately 70% of all cases globally. Acute stroke treatment has enjoyed 2 major successes over the past 30 years, both involving early reperfusion of the ischemic brain. Both thrombolytic drug treatment and endovascular thrombectomy, after some initial stutters, hit upon successful strategies for patient selection and trial design that yielded a large treatment effect compared with control groups. Recent advancements in brain imaging techniques have significantly expanded the treatment window for reperfusion therapies in carefully selected patients, resulting in improved functional outcomes in the short and long term. Despite significant advancements, several controversies persist in the field of ischemic stroke management. These controversies encompass various topics, including determining the actual effectiveness of endovascular thrombectomy in patients with large ischemic core, distal vessel occlusion, mild stroke syndromes, or high baseline disability, as well as the safety of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with recent ingestion of direct oral anticoagulants. Moreover, these controversies include various topics, including determining the optimal secondary prevention strategies. By examining the latest evidence in ischemic stroke management, this research topic aims to explore recent advancements, challenges, and ongoing debates throughout the entire spectrum of ischemic stroke management, including prevention strategies, diagnostic techniques, and acute treatment approaches. The studies included in this research endeavor will contribute to the ongoing efforts to enhance clinical practice, improve patient outcomes, and guide the future direction of stroke care.

This Special Issue welcomes original research and reviews.

Dr. Lucio D'Anna
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • acute ischemic stroke
  • atrial fibrillation
  • endovascular thrombectomy
  • intravenous thrombolysis
  • direct oral anticoagulants

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1923 KB  
Article
Detailed Analysis of Thrombus Composition and Endovascular Thrombectomy Efficiency in Ischemic Stroke Patients with Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Undergoing Thrombectomy
by Seong-Joon Lee, Mai Tuyet Nguyen, Jeong Eun Seo, Woo Sang Jung, Jin Wook Choi, So Young Park and Jin Soo Lee
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 8088; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14228088 - 14 Nov 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
Introduction: We aimed to clarify the influence of the thrombus composition on ischemic stroke endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) efficiency by utilizing various staining methods for patients that presented with occlusions of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Methods: Between September 2017 and May 2021, we [...] Read more.
Introduction: We aimed to clarify the influence of the thrombus composition on ischemic stroke endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) efficiency by utilizing various staining methods for patients that presented with occlusions of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Methods: Between September 2017 and May 2021, we analyzed thrombi retrieved during endovascular thrombectomy EVT in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Patients with reperfusion failure, intracranial atherosclerotic occlusions, and inadequate staining were excluded. The thrombus composition was stratified using three staining techniques—Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Martius Scarlet Blue (MSB) staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), fibrin (Fibrin II), and platelets (CD41). Associations between EVT efficiency outcomes and the thrombus composition were evaluated. Results: During the study period, thrombus was available for analysis in 159 patients. A total of 59 patients were included in the main analysis. Increases in the trichotomized RBS tertiles were associated with decreases in the components of various platelet/other components but not for fibrin. A modified first pass effect (mFPE) of the modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction perfusion scale (mTICI) 2b or higher was associated with larger thrombus surface area (16.0 ± 11.6 vs. 47.4 ± 62.3 mm2, p = 0.005), a higher MSB fibrin content (29.8 ± 10.7 vs. 21.3 ± 10.9%, p = 0.002), and IHC fibrin (28.5 ± 14.5 vs. 20.1 ± 11.4%, p = 0.008). There was a marginal association between the mTICI 2b mFPE and lower MSB platelet/other components (27.6 ± 20.9 vs. 34.4 ± 14.9%, p = 0.078). The discrepancy between MSB platelet/others and IHC platelets was greater in the mFPE (-) group, suggesting that components other than platelets may contribute to EVT resistance. A mFPE of mTICI 2c or higher was associated with greater thrombus surface area (17.8 ± 11.9 vs. 37.7 ± 55.0 mm2, p = 0.015) and MSB fibrin (32.1 ± 10.3 vs. 22.8 ± 11.0%, p = 0.002). There was a marginal reverse association between the mTICI 2c mFPE and MSB RBCs (33.4 ± 20.2% vs. 41.5 ± 17.3%, p = 0.062). There was no significant association between final near-complete reperfusion and the thrombus composition. Conclusions: In patients presenting with occlusions of the MCA, a higher thrombus fibrin content is associated with better EVT efficiency. Both a higher MSB platelet/other components and RBC content may have a negative influence on EVT efficiency. These results may help identify preprocedural biomarkers beyond the conventional assessment of RBCs, WBCs, and fibrin compositions, which could guide decision-making during mechanical thrombectomy. Full article
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16 pages, 1404 KB  
Article
Downstream Occlusion During Mechanical Thrombectomy: Clinical Implications and Endovascular Trajectory
by Jang-Hyun Baek, Hyo Suk Nam, Young Dae Kim, Byung Moon Kim, Dong Joon Kim, Tae-Jin Song, Yeongu Chung and Ji Hoe Heo
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7797; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217797 - 3 Nov 2025
Viewed by 463
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Downstream occlusion (DOC) is a commonly observed, yet frequently overlooked, angiographic event during mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute large vessel occlusion (LVO). This phenomenon has the potential to complicate procedures and influence outcomes. However, its prevalence, predictors, and endovascular trajectories remain [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Downstream occlusion (DOC) is a commonly observed, yet frequently overlooked, angiographic event during mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute large vessel occlusion (LVO). This phenomenon has the potential to complicate procedures and influence outcomes. However, its prevalence, predictors, and endovascular trajectories remain poorly understood. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 703 patients who underwent MT for acute intracranial LVO between 2010 and 2021 at a tertiary stroke center was conducted. DOC was angiographically identified as a newly developed occlusion in a downstream artery following recanalization of the primary occlusion. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the clinical and procedural predictors of DOC. Endovascular and clinical outcomes were compared between patients with and without DOC. The DOC trajectory, including immediate reperfusion status, subsequent recanalization attempts, and final outcomes, was analyzed based on the occlusion location. Results: DOC was identified in 254 patients (36.1%). Atrial fibrillation and proximal occlusion were independently associated with DOC. Despite DOC adversely affecting endovascular procedural details, patients with DOC demonstrated comparable rates of final successful recanalization (92.5% vs. 91.3%; p = 0.577) and 90-day functional independence (40.2% vs. 46.3%; p = 0.114). Notably, about half of the patients exhibited an immediate modified Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) grade 2b at the time of DOC. Further recanalization attempts were undertaken in 67.7% of DOC cases, resulting in enhanced mTICI grades in 76.7% of cases and achieving final successful recanalization in 94.2% of cases. The functional advantages of additional recanalization attempts varied depending on DOC location but were generally limited. Conclusions: Despite its procedural complexity, DOC did not significantly compromise final recanalization or functional outcomes. Many cases were effectively managed with additional endovascular treatment, highlighting the importance of achieving sufficient final recanalization. Full article
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