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Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology
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Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 July 2024) | Viewed by 9335

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Carlos Marcelo Da Silva Figueredo

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Guest Editor
1. School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
2. Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, OF Odontologi, OF Orala sjukdomar, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: immunology; microbiology; periodontal disease; oral disease
Dr. Daniel Fernandes

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Guest Editor
School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Health Building G40 floor 7, Nathan, QLD 4222, Australia
Interests: orthodontics; biomaterials; dental implants; implant surface
Dr. Stephen Hamlet

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Guest Editor
School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Nathan, QLD 4222, Australia
Interests: biomaterials; stem cells; tissue engineering; dental implants; inflammation; immune response
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce the launch of a new Special Issue entitled "Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology". We invite in vitro and in vivo submissions related to pathogenesis, regeneration, surface developments, and medicine-related topics in periodontology and implantology. The global prevalence of periodontal disease is high, with the severe form now higher than 10%. Although dental implants remain the preferred treatment procedure to replace missing teeth, they are often associated with early and late biological complications that can lead to implant failure. Among late failures, peri-implant diseases have become our main concern. Biomarker modulation and implant surface improvements have also been targeted to prevent irreversible tissue damage around teeth and implants. Moreover, regenerative therapies have been developed to deal with the tissue damage caused by periodontitis and peri-implantitis.  

Our main goal is to publish original research in basic and clinical periodontology and implantology. Systematic and narrative reviews will also be considered in this Special Issue. 

Prof. Dr. Carlos Marcelo da Silva Figueredo
Dr. Daniel Fernandes
Dr. Stephen Hamlet
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • periodontal disease
  • peri-implantitis
  • gingivitis
  • diagnosis
  • biomarkers
  • etiology
  • pathogenesis
  • systemic diseases
  • prevention
  • treatment

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 1176 KiB  
Article
Salivary Oxidative-Antioxidant Profile Following Adjunctive Gaseous Ozone Administration in Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Biagio Rapone, Antonio Scarano, Erda Qorri, Alessia Pardo, Giovanna Murmura, Alessandro D’Albenzio and Elisabetta Ferrara
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(17), 5272; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175272 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 545
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis is associated with increased oxidative stress, which may impair treatment outcomes. Ozone therapy has shown promise in reducing oxidative stress and improving periodontal health. This study examined the impact of adjunctive gaseous ozone administration on salivary oxidative stress markers in [...] Read more.
Background: Periodontitis is associated with increased oxidative stress, which may impair treatment outcomes. Ozone therapy has shown promise in reducing oxidative stress and improving periodontal health. This study examined the impact of adjunctive gaseous ozone administration on salivary oxidative stress markers in patients with periodontitis stages II–IV and grades A–C undergoing non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Methods: Ninety patients with periodontitis were randomly allocated to either the test group (NSPT with gaseous ozone administration) or the control group (NSPT alone) using computer-generated randomization. The OzoneDTA system was used to deliver ozone at 2100 ppm for 60 s per site once weekly for 4 weeks. Clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth [PD], clinical attachment level [CAL], plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI]) and salivary oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], total antioxidant capacity [TAC], superoxide dismutase [SOD]) were assessed by blinded examiners at baseline, 3, and 6 months post-treatment. Results: Mixed ANOVA revealed significant three-way interactions between time, treatment, and stage or grade for clinical and biochemical measures (p < 0.001). The test group exhibited significant improvements in TAC (mean difference: 0.45 ± 0.12 mmol/L, p = 0.002), MDA (−0.38 ± 0.09 nmol/mL, p = 0.001), and SOD (65 ± 18 U/mL, p < 0.001) compared with the control group, with more pronounced effects in stages III and IV. Large effect sizes (Cohen’s d > 0.8) were observed for the test group between baseline and 6 months for all markers. Conclusions: Gaseous ozone administration as an adjunct to NSPT can effectively improve clinical periodontal parameters and salivary oxidative stress markers, particularly in stages III and IV periodontitis. The enhanced outcomes may be attributed to ozone’s antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, which synergistically reduce oxidative stress and promote periodontal healing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology)
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12 pages, 458 KiB  
Article
Analysis of 8.5 mm Long Dental Implants Provided with Splinted or Solitary Implant Restorations: A 15-Year Prospective Study
by Jarno Hakkers, Gerdien Telleman, Yvonne C. M. de Waal, Barzi Gareb, Arjan Vissink, Gerry M. Raghoebar and Henny J. A. Meijer
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(17), 5162; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175162 - 30 Aug 2024
Viewed by 511
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The long-term effects of implant properties, such as implant length, platform switch, and crown splinting, on peri-implant health require more investigation. Therefore, the aim was to assess the long-term peri-implant health and patient satisfaction in a patient cohort, obtained from two prospective [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The long-term effects of implant properties, such as implant length, platform switch, and crown splinting, on peri-implant health require more investigation. Therefore, the aim was to assess the long-term peri-implant health and patient satisfaction in a patient cohort, obtained from two prospective randomized controlled trials, who received 8.5 mm long dental implants, with either splinted or solitary suprastructures and with or without a platform switch, over a period of 15 years. Methods: One hundred and twenty-two patients received either one or two 8.5 mm long dental implants (223 dental implants) with and without platform switch, restored with either a solitary (n = 89) or a splinted (n = 134) restoration in the posterior region. Clinical and radiographical parameters and patient satisfaction were prospectively recorded at 1 month, and 1, 5, and 15 years after the placement of the restoration. Patient satisfaction was recorded with a self-administered questionnaire using a 5-point scale and a visual analog scale (0–10). Results: Eighty-one patients with one hundred and fifty-four implants were assessed after a 15-year follow-up. The clinical parameters were low and comparable between the implant types (OsseoTite XP Certain, OsseoTite XP Certain Prevail, NanoTite XP Certain, NanoTite XP Certain Prevail, PalmBeach Gardens, FL, USA) over time. The implants that incorporated a platform switch showed significantly less bone loss than the implants without a platform switch (−0.37 mm, 95% CI −0.69 to −0.05 mm, p = 0.024 and β = −0.47, 95% CI −0.80 to −0.14, p = 0.006). The implants with splinted restorations experienced more bone loss over time compared to the implants with solitary restorations (0.39 mm, 95% CI 0.15–0.63, p = 0.002). Patient satisfaction was high after 15 years. Conclusions: All the tested dental implants with 8.5 mm length provide satisfactory 15-year results with regard to the clinical and radiographical parameters as well as patient satisfaction. The platform-matched implants were associated with more bone loss compared to the platform-switched implants, and the implants with splinted crowns portrayed more bone loss than the solitary implant crowns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology)
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12 pages, 7165 KiB  
Article
One Year Follow-Up of a 4-Year-Old Caucasian Girl Diagnosed with Stage IV Grade C Localized Periodontitis
by Radu-Andrei Moga and Cristian Doru Olteanu
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4878; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164878 - 18 Aug 2024
Viewed by 571
Abstract
Stage IV grade C localized periodontitis (pre-puberal localized aggressive periodontitis/LPP), an extremely rare form of periodontal disease, occurs in otherwise healthy individuals (no signs of dental plaque/calculus) due a hyper-aggressive auto-immune response to high periodontopathic bacteria levels. Methods: A 4-year-old Caucasian girl [...] Read more.
Stage IV grade C localized periodontitis (pre-puberal localized aggressive periodontitis/LPP), an extremely rare form of periodontal disease, occurs in otherwise healthy individuals (no signs of dental plaque/calculus) due a hyper-aggressive auto-immune response to high periodontopathic bacteria levels. Methods: A 4-year-old Caucasian girl with unusually high mobility of the deciduous lower left canine and localized gingival inflammation was misrecognized by multiple clinicians (initially diagnosed with hypophosphatasia, genetic and metabolic disorders, all turning negative), over a period of 4–6 months, despite initial radiographs showing clear pathognomonic signs. The LPP diagnostic was made by the last clinician, but by then the tooth was lost. Similar inflammation signs appeared around the lower deciduous right canine. X-ray examination showed similar bone and periodontal loss as previously seen, while periodontopathic bacteria tested highly positive. The patient received both mechanical cleaning and ten days of systemic antibiotic treatment (Augmentin and Metronidazole). Results: Two months later, inflammation signs disappeared, with periodontal regeneration radiologically present, and only small periodontopathic bacteria precursor concentrations. Conclusions: Despite initial periodontal loss, an adequate treatment can keep under control an LPP disease. Moreover, bone and periodontal regeneration appears if periodontopathic bacteria scores are kept lower, showing the importance of fast adequate diagnostic and treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology)
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11 pages, 668 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment on Salivary and Plasma Superoxide Dismutase Levels of Patients Suffering from Periodontitis
by Tanja Veljovic, Milanko Djuric, Jelena Mirnic, Ivana Gusic, Aleksandra Maletin, Stojan Ivic, Marija Stojilkovic and Snezana Brkic
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(20), 6688; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206688 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1104
Abstract
Antioxidant capacity is frequently measured by evaluating superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration in body fluids. The aim of this study was to compare SOD concentrations in the saliva and plasma of patients with periodontitis to those measured in a group of patients with healthy [...] Read more.
Antioxidant capacity is frequently measured by evaluating superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration in body fluids. The aim of this study was to compare SOD concentrations in the saliva and plasma of patients with periodontitis to those measured in a group of patients with healthy periodontium, as well as to evaluate the influence of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on salivary and plasma SOD in periodontitis patients. For this purpose, 40 systemically healthy patients aged 30–70 years who had at least 20 teeth were recruited, 20 of whom had periodontitis, and 20 served as healthy periodontitis-free controls. In all participants, periodontal status was assessed via the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), papilla bleeding index (PIB), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), and the SOD concentration in both saliva and plasma was determined by conducting a commercial immunoenzymatic ELISA test. In periodontitis patients, periodontal indices and saliva and blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study, as well as 3 months after periodontal therapy, while in the control group, these data were gathered at the beginning of the study only. SOD values in the saliva of patients with periodontitis (0.244 U/µL) were statistically significantly higher compared with patients with healthy periodontium (0.017 U/µL). Moreover, periodontal therapy led to a statistically significant decrease in this marker in the saliva of patients with periodontitis (p = 0.023), which was comparable with that measured in the control group. On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were noted in plasma SOD values either between the two groups or at follow-up compared with baseline in the group with periodontitis. These findings suggest that the elevated salivary SOD in patients with periodontal disease may represent a mechanism of tissue protection against oxidative stress that occurs in response to periodontal disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology)
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13 pages, 447 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Hypertension and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Rossana Abud Cabrera Rosa, João Victor Soares Rodrigues, Marina Module Cláudio, João Paulo Soares Franciscon, Gabriel Mulinari-Santos, Thamiris Cirelli, Rafael Scaf de Molon, Valdir Gouveia Garcia and Leticia Helena Theodoro
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(15), 5140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12155140 - 5 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3157
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests an association between hypertension and periodontitis, although the pathways and implications underlying both chronic conditions are still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hypertension and periodontitis through an observational clinical study using [...] Read more.
Recent evidence suggests an association between hypertension and periodontitis, although the pathways and implications underlying both chronic conditions are still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hypertension and periodontitis through an observational clinical study using periodontal, physical, and biochemical analyses in hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals with periodontitis. A total of one hundred patients were divided into two groups. The first group was hypertensive patients with periodontitis. The second group was non-hypertensive patients with periodontitis. Periodontal parameters of probing depth, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment level were evaluated. The systolic, diastolic, mean, and differential blood pressure were measured in the physical examination. In addition, body mass index and waist–hip ratio were verified. Biochemical tests for glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, estimated blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, creatinine, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and C-reactive protein were evaluated. The data were submitted for statistical analysis (α = 0.05%). The results of this study demonstrated that patients with cardiovascular disease did not present with worse periodontal clinical parameters in the conditions studied. However, it is important to bear in mind that this cross-sectional study has some inherent limitations to its design; therefore, to study the relationship between hypertension and periodontitis further, an interventional randomized clinical trial should be conducted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology)
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13 pages, 9691 KiB  
Article
The Resolution of Periodontal Inflammation Promotes Changes in Cytokine Expression in the Intestine and Gingival Tissues of Aged Rats with DSS-Induced Colitis
by João Martins de Mello-Neto, Edilson Ervolino, Gayathiri Elangovan, Luan Felipe Toro, Jaehee Lee, Anders Gustafsson and Carlos Marcelo da Silva Figueredo
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(13), 4326; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134326 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1357
Abstract
Our research aimed to explore how resolving periodontal inflammation impacts cytokine expression in the colons of aged Wistar rats. Research studies involving animals have been conducted to investigate the two-way relationship between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where chronic inflammation in either [...] Read more.
Our research aimed to explore how resolving periodontal inflammation impacts cytokine expression in the colons of aged Wistar rats. Research studies involving animals have been conducted to investigate the two-way relationship between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where chronic inflammation in either the mouth or intestines can negatively affect the other. We allocated seventeen male Wistar rats aged between 8 and 11 months to one of four groups: (1) ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP) without the resolution of periodontal inflammation (RPI) (LIP; n = 4), (2) LIP + RPI (n = 4), (3) LIP + dextran-sulphate-sodium-induced colitis (DIC) without RPI (n = 4), and LIP + DIC + RPI (n = 5). We performed histopathological and immunological analyses on periodontal and intestinal tissues and analysed cytokine expressions using a Rat Cytokine 23-Plex Immunoassay. Our findings showed that animals with and without DIC who underwent RPI showed significantly lower levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, and TNF-α in the intestine compared to those without treatment. The RPI effectively reduced the number of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria and restored the epithelial barrier in the intestine in animals with DIC. The resolution of periodontal inflammation significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the intestines of aged rats with and without DSS-induced colitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology)
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15 pages, 1876 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Third Molar Wound Recovery: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
by Aldo Giansiracusa, Stefano Parrini, Nicola Baldini, Elena Bartali and Glauco Chisci
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5402; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185402 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 469
Abstract
Objectives: This study addresses the limited body of literature concerning the impact of photobiomodulation on complications following mandibular third molar extractions. Methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of clinical studies that reported the use of photobiomodulation after mandibular third molar surgery was [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study addresses the limited body of literature concerning the impact of photobiomodulation on complications following mandibular third molar extractions. Methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of clinical studies that reported the use of photobiomodulation after mandibular third molar surgery was conducted based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations. The formulation of research questions followed the PICO model, and comprehensive strategies for record search and study selection were devised. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (The Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; no CRD42024511892). Two independent reviewers consulted four databases during the literature search: MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, Clinicaltrial.gov, and Cochrane Library databases without imposing any date restrictions. A search on the grey literature was carried out too (OpenGrey). Duplicate articles were eliminated. Results: After the initial screening, 18 studies were retained to be screened by the reviewers. The full texts of the identified studies were scrutinized for original data, and their related references were manually retrieved and checked for additional relevant studies. The available studies exhibit considerable heterogeneity, exploring various factors related to postoperative outcomes. Our meta-analysis primarily focuses on three key aspects: the incidence of alveolar osteitis (AO), mucosa repair/alveolar pocket healing, and bone repair. The resultant CI of the VAS scale was 98 to 99%. Conclusions: This meta-analysis underscores the need for further research in this domain, highlighting the existing heterogeneity among studies and the importance of a nuanced understanding of photobiomodulation’s multifaceted effects on postoperative complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology)
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27 pages, 8763 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Efficacy of Topical or Systemic Antibiotics as Adjuvants to Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
by Rafael Scaf de Molon, Joao Victor Soares Rodrigues, Mariella Boaretti Deroide, Davi da Silva Barbirato, Valdir Gouveia Garcia and Leticia Helena Theodoro
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4763; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164763 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 806
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM) exhibit a bidirectional relationship and are globally significant systemic chronic conditions. The utilization of antibiotics alongside non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) has been a subject of investigation in numerous clinical studies involving human subjects. Thus, the objective of [...] Read more.
Background: Periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM) exhibit a bidirectional relationship and are globally significant systemic chronic conditions. The utilization of antibiotics alongside non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) has been a subject of investigation in numerous clinical studies involving human subjects. Thus, the objective of this systematic review is to address the following question: “What is the efficacy of scaling and root planing (SRP) associated with antimicrobials in patients with type 2 DM and periodontitis?”. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted encompassing databases such as MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to July 2024. Additionally, alerts were configured to capture studies published from the initial search until manuscript submission. Randomized clinical trials assessing clinical periodontal parameters in DM patients undergoing SRP and receiving either topical or systemic antibiotics were compared against a control group (SRP only). Two investigators independently screened articles, extracted data, and evaluated their quality. The selection process, study characteristics, risk of bias, impact of antibiotics on clinical parameters, and certainty of evidence were elucidated in both textual and tabular formats. Meta-analysis was performed separately with forest plots generated for treatment modalities, period of evaluation, and type of antibiotics used. Results: Following the analysis of abstracts and full articles, a total of 30 randomized clinical trials were incorporated into this review, comprising 9 studies on the association of topical antibiotics and 21 studies on systemic antibiotic administration. The principal periodontal parameters assessed included probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BoP). Conclusions: Analysis of the results led to the conclusion that adjunctive periodontal treatment with either topical or systemic antibiotics confers subtle clinical benefits. Nevertheless, owing to the heightened emergence of resistant bacteria and potential side effects, the use of antibiotic therapy in periodontal treatment should be judiciously administered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research in Periodontology and Implantology)
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