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Advanced Imaging Techniques for Nephrology and Urology
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Advanced Imaging Techniques for Nephrology and Urology

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Nephrology & Urology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2024) | Viewed by 6301

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Federico Greco

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Guest Editor
Department of Radiology, Cittadella della Salute Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
Interests: radiology; radiogenomics; oncologic imaging; renal cell carcinoma
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Scardapane

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Sezione di Diagnostica per immagini, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
Interests: radiology; radiogenomics; oncologic imaging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the era of precision medicine, technological advancement plays a major role in diagnosis and patient care. New advanced imaging techniques, which have been developed in the last years, have allowed for the acquisition of a multitude of data, thus contributing to more targeted treatments for patients. These new imaging techniques, widely applied in the field of nephrology and urology, include artificial intelligence, radiomics, radiogenomics and body composition imaging. From this perspective, it has become possible to acquire data not visible to the naked eye (such as gene expression and mutation) on the entire tumor volume by capturing the whole heterogeneity of the lesion via a noninvasive approach. Moreover, it has also become possible to quantify the composition of individual tissues and predict responses to therapy, thus obtaining patient-specific prognostic data. Artificial intelligence, radiomics, radiogenomics and body composition can be applied with both diagnostic and interventional purposes to imaging techniques such as ultrasound imaging, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Aim and the Scope of the Special Issue:

This Special Issue aims to provide new information on advanced imaging techniques and applications for nephrology and urology, focusing on the use of artificial intelligence, radiomics, radiogenomics and body composition.

Dr. Federico Greco
Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Scardapane
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • artificial intelligence
  • radiomics
  • radiogenomics
  • body composition
  • computed tomography
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • nephrologic disease
  • urologic disease

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3253 KiB  
Article
Discriminating Malignant from Benign Testicular Masses Using Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging—A Prospective Single-Center Study
by Peter Törzsök, Susanne Deininger, Michael Abenhardt, David Oswald, Lukas Lusuardi, Christian Deininger, Rosemarie Forstner, Matthias Meissnitzer, Herwig Brandtner and Stefan Hecht
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(15), 4390; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154390 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1723
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the extent to which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can differentiate malignant from benign lesions of the testis. Materials and Methods: All included patients underwent multiparametric testicular MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) [...] Read more.
Objective: The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the extent to which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can differentiate malignant from benign lesions of the testis. Materials and Methods: All included patients underwent multiparametric testicular MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and subtraction dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subsequently, all patients underwent a histopathological examination via orchiectomy or testicular biopsy/partial resection. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression were applied for statistical analysis. Results: We included 48 male patients (median age 37.5 years [range 18–69]) with testicular tumors. The median tumor size on MRI was 2.0 cm for malignant tumors and 1.1 cm for benign tumors (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed for the type (type 0-III curve, p < 0.05) and pattern of enhancement (homogeneous, heterogeneous, or rim-like, p < 0.01) between malignant and benign tumors. The minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was 0.9 for benign tumors and 0.7 for malignant tumors (each ×103 mm2/s, p < 0.05), while the mean ADC was 0.05. The mean ADC value was significantly lower for malignant tumors; the mean ADC value was 1.1 for benign tumors and 0.9 for malignant tumors (each ×103 mm2/s, p < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of multiparametric MRI for differentiating malignant from benign testicular lesions were 94.3%, 76.9%, 91.7%, and 83.3%, respectively. The surgical procedures performed included orchiectomy (n = 33; 71.7%) and partial testicular resection (n = 11; 23.9%). Histopathology (HP) revealed malignancy in 35 patients (72.9%), including 26 with seminomas and 9 with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs). The HP was benign in 13 (27.1%) patients, including 5 with Leydig cell tumors. Conclusions: Malignant and benign tumors differ in MRI characteristics in terms of the type and pattern of enhancement and the extent of diffusion restriction, indicating that MRI can be an important imaging modality for the accurate diagnosis of testicular lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Imaging Techniques for Nephrology and Urology)
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13 pages, 3863 KiB  
Article
Brain Responses Difference between Sexes for Strong Desire to Void: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Adults Based on Graph Theory
by Xiaoqian Ying, Yi Gao and Limin Liao
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(15), 4284; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154284 - 23 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1240
Abstract
Background: The alternations of brain responses to a strong desire to void were unclear, and the gender differences under the strong desire to void remain controversial. The present study aims to identify the functional brain network’s topologic property changes evoked by a strong [...] Read more.
Background: The alternations of brain responses to a strong desire to void were unclear, and the gender differences under the strong desire to void remain controversial. The present study aims to identify the functional brain network’s topologic property changes evoked by a strong desire to void in healthy male and female adults with synchronous urodynamics using a graph theory analysis. Methods: The bladders of eleven healthy males and eleven females were filled via a catheter using a specific infusion and withdrawal pattern. A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed on the enrolled subjects, scanning under both the empty bladder and strong desire to void states. An automated anatomical labeling (AAL) atlas was used to identify the ninety cortical and subcortical regions. Pearson’s correlation calculations were performed to establish a brain connection matrix. A paired t-test (p < 0.05) and Bonferroni correction were applied to identify the significant statistical differences in topological properties between the two states, including small-world network property parameters [gamma (γ) and lambda (λ)], characteristic path length (Lp), clustering coefficient (Cp), global efficiency (Eglob), local efficiency (Eloc), and regional nodal efficiency (Enodal). Results: The final data suggested that females and males had different brain response patterns to a strong desire to void, compared with an empty bladder state. Conclusions: More brain regions involving emotion, cognition, and social work were active in females, and males might obtain a better urinary continence via a compensatory mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Imaging Techniques for Nephrology and Urology)
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Review

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11 pages, 1085 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Radiogenomics for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Understanding the Impact of BAP1 Mutation
by Federico Greco, Valerio D’Andrea, Andrea Buoso, Laura Cea, Caterina Bernetti, Bruno Beomonte Zobel and Carlo Augusto Mallio
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3960; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133960 - 6 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1770
Abstract
Recent advancements in understanding clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have underscored the critical role of the BAP1 gene in its pathogenesis and prognosis. While the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) mutation has been extensively studied, emerging evidence suggests that mutations in BAP1 and other [...] Read more.
Recent advancements in understanding clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have underscored the critical role of the BAP1 gene in its pathogenesis and prognosis. While the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) mutation has been extensively studied, emerging evidence suggests that mutations in BAP1 and other genes significantly impact patient outcomes. Radiogenomics with and without texture analysis based on CT imaging holds promise in predicting BAP1 mutation status and overall survival outcomes. However, prospective studies with larger cohorts and standardized imaging protocols are needed to validate these findings and translate them into clinical practice effectively, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies in ccRCC. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the role of BAP1 mutation in ccRCC pathogenesis and prognosis, as well as the potential of radiogenomics in predicting mutation status and clinical outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Imaging Techniques for Nephrology and Urology)
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Other

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6 pages, 610 KiB  
Case Report
Multiple Renal Infarctions in Spontaneous Double Renal Artery Dissection: A Case Report
by Gaetano Ferrara, Michelangelo Nasuto, Francesco Napolitano, Giovanni Ciccarese and Filippo Aucella
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237307 - 1 Dec 2024
Viewed by 809
Abstract
Background: As spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) is a rare cause of abdominal pain, bilateral dissection is an extremely rare event. Only approximately two hundred cases of SRAD have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis is often delayed due to the rarity [...] Read more.
Background: As spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) is a rare cause of abdominal pain, bilateral dissection is an extremely rare event. Only approximately two hundred cases of SRAD have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis is often delayed due to the rarity of the disease and non-specific clinical presentations such as flank pain, hypertension, fever, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria, which can be often misdiagnosed as a genito-urinary infection or gastrointestinal or bowel disease. Before 1980, the diagnosis of SRAD was mostly confirmed via autopsy or, rarely, via angiography. At present, the diagnosis is made using advanced imaging approaches, including computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), with a higher number of incidentally diagnosed SRADs. Methods: we performed laboratory tests and radiological examinations (computed abdominal tomography and multiplanar reconstruction) that revealed multiple infarctions and ischemic areas with hypoperfusion in the upper middle third of the left kidney and in a large part of middle and lower areas of the right kidney; the left renal artery exhibited increased intimal thickening and arteritis. Results: The multiplanar reconstruction revealed bilateral renal artery dissection and multiple arterial infarctions disseminated throughout both kidneys. After a clinical follow-up and hypertension retargeting, the patient was discharged with dual antiplatelet therapy and ACE inhibitor drugs. No lipid-lowering therapy was needed. Conclusions: Spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) is a rare clinical event that typically presents with acute low-back or flank pain, hypertension, fever, hematuria, and acute renal failure. The condition could be misdiagnosed or receive a delayed diagnosis due to its relative rarity and non-specific presentation. The gold standard is enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans, and if the diagnosis is positive, vascular multiplanar reconstruction is generally suggested, as it can display lesions more clearly. Over 300 cases have been reported since the first characterization of SRAD; however, to date, a consensus has not been reached on the most appropriate treatment. Conservative therapy, open surgery, and intravascular intervention have been reported as treatments for SRAD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Imaging Techniques for Nephrology and Urology)
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