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Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives: 2nd Edition
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Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Cardiovascular Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 August 2026 | Viewed by 2565

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Valeria Visco

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Guest Editor
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
Interests: heart failure; arterial hypertension; telemonitoring; cardiovascular diseases; echocardiography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Nicola Virtuoso

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Cardiology Unit, Salerno University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy
Interests: hypertension; cardiovascular disease; heart failure; cardiovascular medicine; clinical cardiology; echocardiography; chronic heart failure

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the 2nd Edition of “Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm/special_issues/XO777S19NK).

This Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements, research findings, and clinical perspectives in the field. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease continue to be significant health concerns worldwide, necessitating continuous updates and insights into their diagnosis, management, and prevention.

This Special Issue invites original research articles and review papers that address various aspects of hypertension and cardiovascular disease within the clinical scope. We welcome submissions focusing on emerging diagnostic techniques, novel treatment approaches, risk assessment models, and preventive strategies. Additionally, articles exploring the impact of lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and personalized medicine in managing hypertension and cardiovascular disease are encouraged.

Authors are encouraged to contribute articles that shed light on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and genetic factors associated with these conditions. Furthermore, we encourage submissions that explore the intersection between hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and other comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and renal disorders.

By bringing together diverse perspectives and up-to-date research, this Special Issue aims to enhance our understanding of hypertension and cardiovascular disease and contribute to improved patient care and outcomes.

Dr. Valeria Visco
Dr. Nicola Virtuoso
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hypertension management
  • cardiovascular risk assessment
  • novel antihypertensive therapies
  • hypertension in pregnancy
  • hypertensive emergencies
  • cardiovascular disease prevention
  • pharmacological interventions for cardiovascular disease

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 582 KB  
Article
Psychological Burden in Uncontrolled Hypertension: Findings from the ERIDANO Multicenter Study
by Francesca Novello, Fabrizio Vallelonga, Samuel Agostino, Marialaura Di Tella, Agata Benfante, Carlo Aggiusti, Ilaria Fucile, Barbara Maria Colombo, Alessandro Maloberti, Aldo Pende, Massimo Salvetti, Cristina Giannattasio, Costantino Mancusi, Lorys Castelli, Alberto Milan and on behalf of the Eridano Consortium
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(9), 3309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15093309 - 27 Apr 2026
Viewed by 235
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Uncontrolled hypertension (UH), defined as markedly elevated blood pressure without acute target organ damage, is a clinically relevant condition in which psychological burden remains poorly characterized. We aimed to assess the psychological burden of patients with UH and compare it with that [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Uncontrolled hypertension (UH), defined as markedly elevated blood pressure without acute target organ damage, is a clinically relevant condition in which psychological burden remains poorly characterized. We aimed to assess the psychological burden of patients with UH and compare it with that of outpatient hypertensive (HTN) and normotensive (NT) individuals. Methods: In this multicenter cross-sectional study, 191 patients with UH, 56 with HTN, and 89 NT individuals were enrolled across six Italian hospitals. Participants completed validated self-report scales assessing anxiety, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress (HADS), perceived stress (PSS-10), and Type D personality traits (DS-14). Statistical analyses included nonparametric group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression with bootstrap resampling. Results: UH patients showed significantly higher levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress than both control groups (all p < 0.001). Clinically relevant anxiety was observed in 41.9% of UH patients, compared with 25.0% of HTN and 19.1% of NT participants; depressive symptoms were present in 34.6%, 19.6%, and 12.4%, respectively, and psychological distress in 38.7%, 23.2%, and 14.6%, respectively. Perceived stress was higher in UH than in NT individuals (p < 0.001), as were overall Type D personality traits (p = 0.016). In multivariable analysis, higher heart rate, smoking, depressive symptoms, dyslipidemia, and prior hypertension were independently associated with UH vs. HTN. Conclusions: UH patients exhibit a substantial psychological burden. In this Italian sample, screening for anxiety and depression in patients with UH should be considered in routine clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives: 2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 242 KB  
Article
Beyond Blood Pressure: Cardiac Structural and Functional Abnormalities in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease
by Pasquale Palmiero, Francesca Amati, Lucrezia Bombini, Marco Matteo Ciccone and Maria Maiello
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(8), 2895; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15082895 - 10 Apr 2026
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, even at early stages. Postmenopausal women represent a particularly vulnerable population due to estrogen deficiency, which promotes adverse cardiovascular remodeling. However, data specifically characterizing the cardiac phenotype of hypertensive postmenopausal [...] Read more.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, even at early stages. Postmenopausal women represent a particularly vulnerable population due to estrogen deficiency, which promotes adverse cardiovascular remodeling. However, data specifically characterizing the cardiac phenotype of hypertensive postmenopausal women with mild-to-moderate CKD remain limited. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study including 413 hypertensive postmenopausal women consecutively referred to a tertiary center between 2019 and 2022. Participants were stratified into a CKD group with stage 3 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2; n = 213) and a control group without CKD (n = 200). All subjects underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and standardized transthoracic echocardiography. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), and chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) was assessed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate independent associations between CKD and cardiovascular abnormalities. Results: Compared with controls, women with CKD showed a significantly higher prevalence of LVH (46.7% vs. 21.5%), LVDD (55.8% vs. 36.0%), and CCS (15.5% vs. 7.5%) (all p < 0.01). The coexistence of LVH and LVDD identified a high-risk cardiac phenotype that was markedly more frequent in the CKD group (41.3% vs. 12.5%). After adjustment for age, body mass index, blood pressure, duration of hypertension, smoking status, and antihypertensive therapy, stage 3 CKD remained independently associated with LVH, LVDD, and CCS. Conclusions: In hypertensive postmenopausal women, mild-to-moderate CKD is associated with a substantial burden of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities exceeding that attributable to hypertension alone, supporting early cardiovascular screening and an integrated cardiorenal approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives: 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 3777 KB  
Article
Multiple Renal Arteries as a Potential Contributor to Hypertension in Children and Young Adults
by Ugo Giordano, Benedetta Leonardi, Giulia Cafiero, Marcello Chinali, Alessandro Arena, Flavia Cobianchi Bellisari, Eliana Tranchita, Federica Gentili, Maria Chiara Matteucci and Aurelio Secinaro
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(7), 2610; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15072610 - 29 Mar 2026
Viewed by 442
Abstract
Background: Arterial hypertension in childhood is an increasing health concern, often associated with structural and functional cardiovascular or renal alterations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and type of non-stenotic renal artery anatomical variants in children with systemic hypertension and to assess [...] Read more.
Background: Arterial hypertension in childhood is an increasing health concern, often associated with structural and functional cardiovascular or renal alterations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and type of non-stenotic renal artery anatomical variants in children with systemic hypertension and to assess their possible association with cardiac involvement. Methods: A total of 107 children and adolescents with hypertension (mean age 15.4 ± 2.7 years) were evaluated. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure persistently above the 95th percentile for over one year, confirmed by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Patients with known secondary causes were excluded. All underwent renal vascular imaging by CT or MRI and echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular morphology and function. Results: Renal artery anatomical variants were found in 69 of 107 patients (65%), mainly unilateral or bilateral accessory polar arteries. Other anomalies found (left renal vein narrowing or duplication, severe left renal artery stenosis) were excluded from the statistical analysis. Normal renal vasculature was observed in only 32%. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected in 41%, highlighting a significant prevalence of target-organ involvement. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of hypertension or hypertrophy between patients with renal artery anatomical variants and those without. However, patients with renal anomalies more frequently required dual antihypertensive therapy (p = 0.025). Conclusions: Renal artery anatomical variants, even in the absence of overt stenosis, may contribute to the pathogenesis of pediatric hypertension and complicate its management. Systematic evaluation of renal vasculature should be considered in the diagnostic workup to improve risk stratification and guide management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives: 2nd Edition)
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Review

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17 pages, 662 KB  
Review
Role of Coronary Revascularization in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
by Mikel Lacalle, Pablo Bazal, Jara García Ugalderbere, Octavio Jiménez Melo, Aritza Conty, Raúl Ramallal, Guillermo Sánchez-Elvira and Valeriano Ruiz-Quevedo
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(5), 1941; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15051941 - 4 Mar 2026
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with ischemic heart disease as the leading etiology. Despite advances in optimal medical treatment (OMT), the additional benefit of coronary revascularization in this population remains uncertain. While [...] Read more.
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with ischemic heart disease as the leading etiology. Despite advances in optimal medical treatment (OMT), the additional benefit of coronary revascularization in this population remains uncertain. While some studies describe a potential benefit in revascularization—particularly with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)—this benefit has not been consistently observed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Moreover, in this context, the role of myocardial hibernation has been called into question. Additionally, recent advances in the medical management of heart failure complicate the current interpretation of previous studies and underscore the need for new clinical trials. This review synthesizes the current evidence on the potential benefits of coronary revascularization in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives: 2nd Edition)
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32 pages, 1553 KB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and Non-Surgical Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Diseases
by Dana A. Almazroua, Kelsey C. Muir and M. Ruhul Abid
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(4), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15041537 - 15 Feb 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 592
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial ischemia, remains the leading cause of mortality. Current therapies for ischemic myocardium rely largely on invasive revascularization strategies, highlighting the need for improved non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recent studies suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play [...] Read more.
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial ischemia, remains the leading cause of mortality. Current therapies for ischemic myocardium rely largely on invasive revascularization strategies, highlighting the need for improved non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recent studies suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in cardiovascular pathophysiology and may offer novel clinical applications. Methods: This review synthesizes current preclinical and clinical literature on EV biology, including their classification, isolation, and characterization methods, and mechanisms of Intercellular communication. Published studies evaluating EVs as biomarkers and non-surgical therapeutics across major cardiovascular conditions were critically analyzed. Results: EVs facilitate intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules that influence disease progression and cardiac repair. Accumulating evidence supports their potential utility as biomarkers for disease prediction and severity assessment, as well as cell-free therapeutics in myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure. However, significant gaps remain, including the lack of validated EV-based biomarkers, inconsistent isolation and characterization methodologies, limited in vivo tracking data, and barriers to clinical translation. Conclusions: EVs represent a promising frontier in non-invasive cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics. Addressing current methodological and translational challenges, alongside advances in EV bioengineering, will be essential to realize their full clinical potential in CVD management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives: 2nd Edition)
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