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Tendon and Ligament Injury and Current Strategies for Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

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Prof. Dr. Andrej Čretnik

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Traumatology Department, Division of Surgery, University Clinical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Interests: foot and ankle surgery; hip surgery; spinal surgery; orthopaedic sports trauma surgery–polytrauma; memory shape alloys; achilles tendon

Dr. Bore Bakota

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1. Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tauern Klinikum, 5700 Zell am See, Austria
2. Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
Interests: knee injuries; minimally invasive surgery; fracture; sports injuries; knee surgery; trauma surgery; biomechanics; trauma; hip

Dr. Dejan Blažević

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Guest Editor Assistant

1. Department of Traumatology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Draškovićeva 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2. School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
3. University of Applied Health Sciences, Mlinarska cesta 38, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: shoulder surgery; knee surgery; sports trauma; biomechanics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

“Life means movement”—so tendon problems affect many active, particularly sports-oriented people. Pain, swelling and loss of function are the main limitations to the affected patients, that can many times end in ruptures of tendons. Solely operative treatment enables restoration of the tendons' length, elimination of the excessive fibrous or bony prominence and reparation or the augmentation of the ruptured or lost (degenerated) parts and thus an opportunity for the return of tendon function. Non-operative treatment could be an acceptable way of treatment in less active patients, particularly with the functional treatment.

The aim of the issue is to highlight the news in etiology, pathophysiology, treatment and future perspectives in tendon and ligament injuries.

Prof. Dr. Andrej Čretnik
Dr. Bore Bakota
Guest Editors

Dr. Dejan Blažević
Guest Editor Assistant

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15 pages, 1637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Open vs. Mini-Open Approach in Treatment of Acute Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation Using a Suspensory Fixation System: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by David Glavaš Weinberger, Stjepan Ivandić, Josip Baković, Branimir Bradarić-Šlujo, Ante Vuković, Borna Vojvodić, Tomislav Ćuti, Bore Bakota, Dejan Blažević and Dinko Vidović

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(9), 3426; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15093426 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 423

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is a common injury in young, active individuals, typically resulting from a direct shoulder impact. Treatment is guided by the Rockwood classification, with type III and higher injuries often managed surgically. Suspensory fixation systems are widely used, most commonly via a mini-open approach without direct visualization of the coracoid. This study compared clinical and radiological outcomes of open versus mini-open suspensory fixation in acute AC joint dislocation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients treated surgically for Rockwood type III or higher AC joint dislocation between 2015 and 2021. Functional outcomes were assessed using Constant–Murley, ASES, and DASH scores. Pain, range of motion, and coracoclavicular (CC) distance were evaluated postoperatively and at final follow-up, including percentage difference compared with the contralateral side. Redislocation was defined as a ≥50% increase in CC distance (CCD). Complications, including cut-out, reoperations, and CC calcifications, were recorded. Results: Fifty-seven patients were included (mini-open n = 32, open n = 25; 52 men, 5 women). Mean age was 38.1 ± 13 years, with mean follow-up of 6.7 ± 1.5 years. The mini-open group had greater follow-up (90.1 [83.7–95.1]) than the open group (62.2 [60.3–75.4]). The mini-open group showed a significantly greater CCD at final follow-up (median [IQR] 14.7 [11.4–17.4] mm) compared with the open group (9.2 [7.8–11.1] mm). Redislocation occurred in 47% of mini-open versus 8% of open cases (p < 0.01). Functional scores, pain, and complication rates were similar between groups. Conclusions: Open suspensory fixation is associated with superior radiographic stability and lower redislocation rates compared to the mini-open approach, with comparable functional outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tendon and Ligament Injury and Current Strategies for Tendon and Ligament Regeneration)

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Tendon and Ligament Injury and Current Strategies for Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

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