Journal of Clinical Medicine

Research

9 pages, 1365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in Artificial Intelligence-Based Macular Fluid Parameters Between Clinical Stages of Diabetic Macular Edema and Their Relationship with Visual Acuity

by Mizuho Mitamura, Michiyuki Saito, Kiriko Hirooka, Zhenyu Dong, Ryo Ando, Satoru Kase and Susumu Ishida

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(3), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14031007 - 5 Feb 2025

Viewed by 599

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine artificial intelligence-based macular fluid (MF) parameters in diabetic macular edema (DME) with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and examine stage-by-stage differences in MF parameters and their relationship with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine artificial intelligence-based macular fluid (MF) parameters in diabetic macular edema (DME) with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and examine stage-by-stage differences in MF parameters and their relationship with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Methods: This study enrolled 104 eyes with treatment-naïve DME. Intraretinal fluid (IRF) and subretinal fluid (SRF) were detected in horizontal OCT images based on the “Hokkaido University MF segmentation model” when DME was first observed together with BCVA testing. The MF area, the mean brightness, and the variance of brightness were compared between mild or moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (mNPDR, n = 33), severe NPDR (sNPDR, n = 52), and PDR eyes (n = 19). Correlations between logMAR BCVA and MF parameters were also examined. Results: All the MF parameters tended to increase with DR stages. Especially, the mean brightness of IRF was significantly greater in PDR than in mNPDR. The variance of brightness of IRF increased in sNPDR compared to mNPDR, whereas that of SRF increased in PDR compared to sNPDR. LogMAR BCVA showed positive correlations with MF areas and the variance of brightness of SRF. Conclusions: The qualitative and quantitative MF parameters may be useful for better understanding DME pathogenesis according to DR progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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11 pages, 2827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Microaneurysm Size in Residual Edema After Intravitreal Injection of Faricimab for Diabetic Macular Edema

by Yutaka Yamada, Yoshihiro Takamura, Masakazu Morioka, Hideyuki Oshima, Makoto Gozawa, Takehiro Matsumura and Masaru Inatani

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7839; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247839 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 774

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Microaneurysms (MAs) are important in the pathology of diabetic macular edema (DME) and its response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. This study aimed to clarify the morphological characteristics of MAs in residual edema following consecutive faricimab injections, a bispecific antibody [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Microaneurysms (MAs) are important in the pathology of diabetic macular edema (DME) and its response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. This study aimed to clarify the morphological characteristics of MAs in residual edema following consecutive faricimab injections, a bispecific antibody against angiopoietin-2 and VEGF. Methods: We selected patients with DME who exhibited residual edema after three monthly injections of faricimab. In both the residual and absorbed areas of edema, we counted the turnover of MAs, including those that were lost and those that were newly formed. The total number of MAs was determined based on the merged images from an optical coherence tomography (OCT) map and fluorescein angiography. Results: A total of 8 of the 42 patients who received three monthly injections of faricimab showed residual edema one month after the injections. In the residual edema, the density of MAs and the number of maintained MAs were significantly higher (p = 0.04), while the number of disappeared MAs (p = 0.04) and MA turnover (p = 0.01) were lower compared to the absorbed areas. Among the MAs that persisted after the initial injection, the proportion of large-sized MAs (p = 0.01) and their density were significantly greater than those in the absorbed area. In conclusion, the residual areas following three doses of faricimab displayed a higher MA density, less MA loss, and a high density of large-sized MAs compared to the absorbed areas. Our data suggest that large-size MAs located in the residual edema are characteristic of DME cases refractory to faricimab treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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10 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subclinical Detection of Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Retinopathy in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematous Using Multifocal Electroretinography and Optical Coherence Tomography

by Suk Hoon Jung, Young-Hoon Park and Young Gun Park

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7663; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247663 - 16 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it is associated with retinal toxicity. Early diagnosis can prevent the further progression of HCQ-associated retinopathy by discontinuing HCQ treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the early diagnostic parameters in patients [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Although hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it is associated with retinal toxicity. Early diagnosis can prevent the further progression of HCQ-associated retinopathy by discontinuing HCQ treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the early diagnostic parameters in patients with SLE treated with HCQ and identify the best approach using multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to reflect subclinical retinal toxicity. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with SLE (76 eyes) and 18 healthy controls (36 eyes) were enrolled. They were referred for HCQ retinopathy screening without visual field defects. The patients were tested using a standard 61-hexagon mfERG stimulus and SS-OCT. Ten groups of the mfERG responses from the sectors were averaged to compare the quadrants, hemiretinal areas, consecutive ring amplitudes, and ring ratios (R1/R2–R5) from the center to the periphery. Additionally, the ganglion cell complex (GCC) analyses were performed using SS-OCT. Results: No difference was observed in GCC thickness on the OCT images, in the P1 amplitudes, and in the implicit time of mfERG. However, the R1/Rx ring ratios, except the R1/R2 ratio, showed significant differences among the three groups (p = 0.759, 0.018, 0.029, and 0.029, respectively). The R1/R3, R1/R4, and R1/R5 ring ratios demonstrated a correlation with the duration of HCQ therapy (r = −0.303, −0.279, and −0.266; p = 0.003, 0.006, and 0.009). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the ring ratios R1/R3–R5 were 0.730, 0.702, and 0.724, respectively (p = 0.004, 0.012, and 0.006), indicating the likelihood of being categorized as a high-risk group for subclinical HCQ retinopathy. Conclusions: The ring ratio of mfERG reflects the subclinical electrophysiological alterations induced by HCQ and can become more clinically useful by simplifying screening examinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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9 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Outcomes of Different Types of Treatment for Diabetic Macular Edema Before and After Approval of Anti-Vascular Endothelium Growth Factor Agents

by Masahiko Sugimoto, Shinichiro Chujo, Kumiko Kato, Masahiko Shimura, Shigehiko Kitano, Sentaro Kusuhara, Hiroto Terasaki, Mineo Kondo and Writing Committee of Japan-Clinical Retina Study Group (J-CREST)

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7336; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237336 - 2 Dec 2024

Viewed by 862

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The object of this study was to determine the outcomes of treatments other than anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME) before and after the approval of anti-VEGF therapy in Japan. Methods: This was a retrospective [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The object of this study was to determine the outcomes of treatments other than anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME) before and after the approval of anti-VEGF therapy in Japan. Methods: This was a retrospective study registered in the database of the Survey of Treatment for DME (STREAT-DME). A total of 1683 patients treated from 2010 to 2017 were included. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) a pre-group, treated before the approval of anti-VEGF agents (2010–2013, n = 771), and (2) a post-group (2014–2017, n = 912). Each group was further categorized based on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA): (i) improved from poor (>0.3 logMAR units) to good (≤0.3 logMAR units) or (ii) decreased from good to poor. Results: In the pre-group, 18.5% of patients improved from poor to good BCVA out of the total patient population (p < 0.0001), along with 17.3% out of those administered anti-VEGF therapy (p = 0.139), 20.5% of those administered a sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (STTA, p = 0.02), 17.7% (p = 0.20) of those administered photocoagulation, and 14.2% of those who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV, p = 0.0001). In the post-group, 21.8% had improved BCVA out of the total patient population (p < 0.0001), along with 27.2% of those undergoing anti-VEGF therapy (p < 0.0001), 16.7% of those administered STTA (p < 0.0001), and 27.2% of those who underwent PPV (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: STTA and PPV are effective to a certain extent, even after the approval of anti-VEGF agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

8 pages, 1948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grad-CAM-Based Investigation into Acute-Stage Fluorescein Angiography Images to Predict Long-Term Visual Prognosis of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

by Michiyuki Saito, Mizuho Mitamura, Mayuko Kimura, Yuki Ito, Hiroaki Endo, Satoshi Katsuta, Manabu Kase and Susumu Ishida

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(17), 5271; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175271 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1145

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze relevant areas in acute-stage fluorescein angiography (FA) images, predicting the long-term visual prognosis of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) based on gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). Methods: This retrospective observational study included [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze relevant areas in acute-stage fluorescein angiography (FA) images, predicting the long-term visual prognosis of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) based on gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). Methods: This retrospective observational study included 136 eyes with BRVO that were followed up for more than a year post-FA. Cropped grayscale images centered on the fovea (200 × 200 pixels) were manually pre-processed from early-phase FA at the acute phase. Pairs of the cropped FA images and the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in remission at least one year post-FA were used to train a 38-layer ResNet with five-fold cross-validation. Correlations between the ResNet-predicted and true (actually measured) logMAR BCVAs in remission, and between the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area measured by ImageJ (version 1.52r) from FA images and true logMAR BCVA in remission were evaluated. The heat maps generated by Grad-CAM were evaluated to determine which areas were consumed as computational resources for BCVA prediction. Results: The correlation coefficient between the predicted and true logMAR BCVAs in remission was 0.47, and that between the acute-stage FAZ area and true logMAR BCVA in remission was 0.42 (p < 0.0001 for both). The Grad-CAM-generated heat maps showed that retinal vessels adjacent to the FAZ and the FAZ per se had high selectivity (95.7% and 62.2%, respectively). Conclusions: The Grad-CAM-based analysis demonstrated FAZ-neighboring vessels as the most relevant predictor for the long-term visual prognosis of BRVO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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11 pages, 1653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of a Fundus Image-Based Titration Strategy for Selective Retina Therapy for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

by Seung Hee Jeon, Minhee Kim and Young-Jung Roh

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(17), 5230; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175230 - 4 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 932

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the clinical outcomes of selective retina therapy (SRT) for treating central serous chorioretinopathy. A fundus image-based titration method was used for laser irradiation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 29 eyes (29 patients) that underwent SRT for CSC. Both [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the clinical outcomes of selective retina therapy (SRT) for treating central serous chorioretinopathy. A fundus image-based titration method was used for laser irradiation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 29 eyes (29 patients) that underwent SRT for CSC. Both the pulse energy and number of micropulses were adjusted according to the fundus image. Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), and subretinal fluid (SRF) height were measured 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months after SRT. Mean deviation (MD) was measured using microperimetry at 3 and 6 months post-treatment. Results: At 6 months after SRT treatment, SRF was completely resolved in 89.7% of cases (26/29 eyes). The mean Snellen BCVA significantly improved from 0.34 ± 0.31 logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) (20/40) at baseline to 0.24 ± 0.24 logMAR (20/32) at 6 months (p = 0.009). The 0.1 improvement in mean BCVA is equivalent to a 5-letter gain on the ETDRS chart. The mean CFT decreased significantly from 309.31 ± 81.6 μm at baseline to 211.07 ± 50.21 μm at 6 months (p < 0.001). The mean SRF height also decreased significantly from 138.36 ± 56.78 μm at baseline to 23.75 ± 61.19 μm at 6 months (p < 0.001). The mean MD was improved from −1.56 ± 1.47 dB at baseline to −1.03 ± 2.43 dB at 6 months (p = 0.07) after treatment. Conclusions: SRT using fundus image-based titration can yield favorable functional and anatomical outcomes in the treatment of CSC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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12 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Practices of Pentosan Polysulfate Maculopathy Screening in Various Clinical Settings and Practice-Associated Factors

by Jiyeong Kim and Seong Joon Ahn

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(17), 5090; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175090 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 876

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigated the practice patterns of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) maculopathy screening in various clinical settings and demographic and clinical characteristics associated with these screening practices using a health claims database. Methods: In this nationwide population-based study, data from the [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study investigated the practice patterns of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) maculopathy screening in various clinical settings and demographic and clinical characteristics associated with these screening practices using a health claims database. Methods: In this nationwide population-based study, data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment database in South Korea were analyzed to identify patients who underwent PPS. The participants were categorized based on whether they had undergone a baseline examination (the first ophthalmic examination since PPS prescription) within one year of PPS use, subsequent monitoring within one year of the baseline examination, or recent monitoring within a 1-year period before the study end date. Demographic and clinical factors were compared between the groups, and factors associated with screening practices were identified using logistic regression analyses. Results: Significant differences in screening practices were observed based on sex, age, residence, the medical specialty of the prescribing physician, indications for PPS use, and hospital type of prescription. Older patients who received PPS prescriptions from urologists were more likely to undergo baseline and monitoring examinations. Logistic regression analyses revealed that older age, female sex, and a longer duration of PPS use were significantly associated with baseline screening. Subsequent and recent monitoring was significantly associated with age, duration of PPS use, and treatment at primary hospitals. Conclusions: This study underscores the variability in screening practices for PPS users based on demographic and clinical factors, emphasizing the need for standardized guidelines. Enhanced awareness and timely referral for maculopathy screening, particularly among non-urological specialties, are essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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9 pages, 2383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Association between HTRA1 and TGF-β₂ in the Vitreous Humor of Patients with Chorioretinal Vascular Diseases

by Yoko Fukushima, Shizuka Takahashi, Machiko Nakamura, Tatsuya Inoue, Yusuke Fujieda, Toshiyuki Sato, Shingo Noguchi, Motokazu Tsujikawa, Hirokazu Sakaguchi and Kohji Nishida

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(17), 5073; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175073 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1225

Abstract

Background: The aim of this paper was to investigate the protein concentrations of high-temperature requirement A 1 (HTRA1) and transforming growth factor-

β

(TGF-

β

) in the vitreous humor of patients with chorioretinal vascular diseases. Methods: This study measured protein [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this paper was to investigate the protein concentrations of high-temperature requirement A 1 (HTRA1) and transforming growth factor-

β

(TGF-

β

) in the vitreous humor of patients with chorioretinal vascular diseases. Methods: This study measured protein concentrations of HTRA1, TGF-

β_{1 - 3}

, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (hereinafter called VEGF) in the vitreous humor from seven eyes of patients with chorioretinal vascular diseases (age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion) and six control eyes (idiopathic epiretinal membrane and macular hole). We analyzed the mutual relationship among the protein levels. Results: The protein levels of HTRA1 and VEGF were significantly increased in the chorioretinal vascular disease group compared with the control group (1.57 ± 0.79

\times 10^{- 9}

mol/mL vs. 0.68 ± 0.79

\times 10^{- 9}

mol/mL, p = 0.039; 3447.00 ± 3423.47 pg/mL vs. 35.33 ± 79.01 pg/mL, p = 0.046, respectively). TGF-

β_{2}

levels were not significantly different between groups (2222.71 ± 1151.25 pg/mL for the chorioretinal vascular disease group vs. 1918.83 ± 744.01 pg/mL for the control group, p = 0.62). The concentration of HTRA1 was strongly associated with TGF-

β_{2}

levels in the vitreous humor, independent of VEGF (r = 0.80, p = 0.0010). Conclusions: We revealed that vitreous HTRA1 was increased in patients with chorioretinal vascular diseases and strongly correlated with TGF-

β_{2}

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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11 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Switching to Intravitreal Brolucizumab after Ranibizumab or Aflibercept Using Treat and Extend Regimen for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Japanese Patients: 1-Year Results and Factors Associated with Treatment Responsiveness

by Kumiko Hirayama, Manabu Yamamoto, Shigeru Honda, Akika Kyo, Norihiko Misawa and Takeya Kohno

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(15), 4375; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154375 - 26 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1518

Abstract

Objective: To purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the 1-year outcomes and factors associated with the treatment responsiveness of switching to intravitreal brolucizumab (IVBR) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in Japanese patients refractory to ranibizumab or aflibercept using a treat [...] Read more.

Objective: To purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the 1-year outcomes and factors associated with the treatment responsiveness of switching to intravitreal brolucizumab (IVBR) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in Japanese patients refractory to ranibizumab or aflibercept using a treat and extend (TAE) regimen. Methods: A total of 48 eyes of 47 nAMD patients were switched to IVBR, and 36 eyes of 35 patients (27 males and 8 females) underwent 1-year treatment after the switch. Results: The rate of dry macula was significantly higher 12 months after the switch to IVBR (p < 0.001), with a significant decrease in the mean central macular thickness (CMT) and the mean central choroidal thickness (CCT) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). The injection interval was significantly extended from 7.0 ± 1.7 weeks to 10.3 ± 2.5 weeks 12 months after the switch (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, a smaller number of prior anti-VEGF injections (p = 0.025; odds ratio: 0.947; 95% confidence interval: 0.903–0.994) and a pre-switching CCT of less than 250 µm (p = 0.023; odds ratio: 0.099; 95% confidence interval: 0.013–0.731) were associated with the good response group. Conclusions: These results suggest that IVBR may suppress disease activity and prolong the injection interval by switching for AMD patients with an insufficient response to treatment with ranibizumab and aflibercept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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8 pages, 1826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evaluation of Change in Choroidal Circulation Time before and after Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Using Wide-Field Indocyanine Green Angiography

by Ruri Sugiyama, Ryusaburo Mori, Akiyuki Kawamura, Koji Tanaka, Hajime Onoe, Yu Wakatsuki and Hiroyuki Nakashizuka

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(14), 4257; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144257 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 965

Abstract

Background: Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is often used for diagnosis of, and as an indication to apply laser treatment for, central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective against CSC, the details of the mechanism are unknown. To verify the [...] Read more.

Background: Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is often used for diagnosis of, and as an indication to apply laser treatment for, central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective against CSC, the details of the mechanism are unknown. To verify the effect of PDT, we compared the time of choroidal circulation before and after PDT in CSC patients, using ICGA. Methods: Seven eyes of seven patients (six male, one female) who were diagnosed with chronic CSC associated with serous retinal detachment (SRD) in the macular area and who underwent half-dose PDT were included. Wide-field ICGA images with an angle of 102° were taken and evaluated at the superior and inferior temporal quadrants. Choroidal circulation time (CCT) was defined as the time from the start of contrast filling in the choroidal artery to the first appearance of contrast filling in the temporal vortex vein ampulla. Results: The average CCT before and after PDT in the superior temporal vortex vein was 3.96 s and 5.41 s (p = 0.018), and 4.12 s and 5.02 s (p = 0.046) in the inferior temporal vortex vein, respectively. All SRD and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability areas dissolved after PDT. Conclusions: In this pilot study, half-dose PDT prolonged CCT in CSC patients, indicating the effect of selective vascular obstruction in the choriocapillaris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

22 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Strategies for Retinal Artery Occlusion—A Literature Review

by Joanna Roskal-Wałek, Alicja Ruzik, Natalia Kubiś, Maria Teper, Michał Wesołowski, Zuzanna Wujec, Paweł Wałek, Dominik Odrobina, Jerzy Mackiewicz and Beata Wożakowska-Kapłon

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(22), 6813; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13226813 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1805

Abstract

Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an emergency condition causing acute retinal ischemia and is considered an equivalent of ischemic stroke. The occurrence of an episode of RAO is associated with significant impairment of visual functions and correlates with an increased risk of future [...] Read more.

Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an emergency condition causing acute retinal ischemia and is considered an equivalent of ischemic stroke. The occurrence of an episode of RAO is associated with significant impairment of visual functions and correlates with an increased risk of future vascular events. Although RAO requires immediate diagnosis and treatment, there are currently no clear guidelines specifying optimal management. This review discusses current and future therapeutic strategies following an episode of RAO, including secondary prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

7 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Curvature of Posterior Pole in Eyes with Retinitis Pigmentosa

by Masato Kakisu, Gen Miura, Tatsuya Nagai, Ryutaro Akiba and Takayuki Baba

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(22), 6806; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13226806 - 12 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 898

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether there is a significant change in eyeball curvature in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: The medical records of 35 eyes of 18 patients with RP and age- and axial-length-matched controls were reviewed. The [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether there is a significant change in eyeball curvature in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: The medical records of 35 eyes of 18 patients with RP and age- and axial-length-matched controls were reviewed. The curvature of the posterior pole was determined by approximating a second-order polynomial equation based on the optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Associations among eyeball curvature, refractive error, and axial length were investigated. Results: The average age of patients with RP was 65.1 ± 13.8 years, and the average axial length of the eye was 23.90 mm. The curvature of the posterior eyeball was steeper in eyes with RP (p = 0.020), and the choroid was thinner in eyes with RP (p < 0.01). The curvature of eyes with RP significantly correlated with refractive error (p = 0.006, r = −0.46) and axial length (p = 0.004, r = −0.48). Conclusions: The significant correlation between eyeball curvature and axial length suggests that myopia affects eyeball shape even in eyes with RP. However, the curvature remained steep in the eyes with RP after matching for age and axial length. A thinner choroid was observed in eyes with RP and may play a role in the steeper posterior eyeball. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Retinal Diseases: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

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