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The Roles of Diet and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases: Advancements in Molecular Insights

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2026 | Viewed by 3458

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Universidad 14418, UABC, Parque Internacional Industrial Tijuana, Tijuana 22390, BC, Mexico
Interests: nutrition; obesity; diet; chronic diseases; genetics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, constitute a global public health problem. In addition to sedentarism and emotional stress, diets high in fat, sugar, and sodium and deficient in fiber and essential micronutrients significantly contribute to the prevalence of these diseases. Advances in omics sciences, such as genomics (genetic background), epigenomics (epigenetic marks), metagenomics (gut microbiota composition), metabolomics (metabolic fingerprints), and proteomics (protein profiles), help to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these pathologies and their relationship with diet and nutrition. These findings also enable the design of personalized intervention strategies to improve the nutritional management of metabolic diseases. This Special Issue covers observational or animal evidence pertaining to the impact of diet and nutrition on the occurrence of metabolic diseases, with an emphasis on molecular research. Clinical trials that focus on the use of dietary interventions for the treatment of metabolic diseases and incorporate molecular insights are welcome. We additionally seek comprehensive reviews that explore key advances in understanding the role of nutrition in metabolic diseases at the molecular level. Studies combining the use of different omics tools will particularly be considered.

Dr. Ramos-López Omar
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • diet
  • nutrition
  • metabolic diseases
  • obesity
  • genetics
  • microbiota
  • epigenetics
  • metabolomics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 385 KB  
Article
Interaction Between the UCP2 rs659366 Polymorphism and Dietary Capsaicin Intake in Relation to the Inflammatory State in Mexican Adults
by Ana Alondra Sobrevilla-Navarro, Bertha Landeros-Sanchez, Jose Roman Chavez-Mendez, Genaro Rodriguez-Uribe and Omar Ramos-Lopez
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110419 - 27 Oct 2025
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Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity and related conditions have an inflammatory basis. Genetic and nutritional factors can influence the development of these diseases by altering the inflammatory state. This study aimed to analyse how the rs659366 (G/A) polymorphism in the UCP2 gene interacts [...] Read more.
Metabolic diseases such as obesity and related conditions have an inflammatory basis. Genetic and nutritional factors can influence the development of these diseases by altering the inflammatory state. This study aimed to analyse how the rs659366 (G/A) polymorphism in the UCP2 gene interacts with dietary capsaicin (CAP) consumption and affects inflammatory markers in Mexican adults. A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 212 adult patients. The UCP2 rs659366 polymorphism was genotyped using an allelic discrimination assay. Dietary CAP intake was measured with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed for interaction analyses. The ancestral allele G accounted for 40.2% and the risk allele A accounted for 59.8% of samples. There was a significant interaction between CAP intake and the UCP2 rs659366 polymorphism for the inflammatory marker NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) (p < 0.05). Among subjects with the G allele, higher CAP intake was associated with higher NLR scores (p < 0.001). Patients with the G allele of the UCP2 rs659366 polymorphism experienced increased inflammation with higher CAP intake. This finding highlights the need for future studies in personalised nutrition and could expand knowledge about the effects of CAP on obesity and inflammation. Full article
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24 pages, 1426 KB  
Review
Dietary and Pharmacological Modulation of Aging-Related Metabolic Pathways: Molecular Insights, Clinical Evidence, and a Translational Model
by Antonio Fernando Murillo-Cancho, David Lozano-Paniagua and Bruno José Nievas-Soriano
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9643; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199643 - 2 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2365
Abstract
Advances in geroscience suggest that aging is modulated by molecular pathways that are amenable to dietary and pharmacological intervention. We conducted an integrative critical review of caloric restriction (CR), intermittent fasting (IF), and caloric restriction mimetics (CR-mimetics) to compare shared mechanisms, clinical evidence, [...] Read more.
Advances in geroscience suggest that aging is modulated by molecular pathways that are amenable to dietary and pharmacological intervention. We conducted an integrative critical review of caloric restriction (CR), intermittent fasting (IF), and caloric restriction mimetics (CR-mimetics) to compare shared mechanisms, clinical evidence, limitations, and translational potential. Across modalities, CR and IF consistently activate AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuins, inhibit mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling, and enhance autophagy, aligning with improvements in insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, low-grade inflammation, and selected epigenetic aging measures in humans. CR-mimetics, such as metformin, resveratrol, rapamycin, and spermidine, partially reproduce these effects; however, long-term safety and efficacy in healthy populations remain incompletely defined. Methodological constraints—short trial duration, selective samples, intermediate (nonclinical) endpoints, and limited adherence monitoring—impede definitive conclusions on hard outcomes (frailty, disability, hospitalization, mortality). We propose the Active Management of Aging and Longevity (AMAL) model, a three-level biomarker-guided framework that integrates personalized diet, chrono-nutrition, exercise, and the selective use of CR-mimetics, along with digital monitoring and decision support. AMAL emphasizes epigenetic clocks, multi-omics profiling, inflammatory and microbiome metrics, and adaptive protocols to enhance adherence and clinical relevance. Overall, CR, IF, and CR mimetics constitute promising, complementary strategies to modulate biological aging; rigorous long-term trials with standardized biomarkers and clinically meaningful endpoints are needed to enable their scalable implementation. Full article
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