ijms-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Molecular Basis to Therapies

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2025 | Viewed by 1356

Special Issue Editor


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: regulation of the humoral immune response; the “crosstalk” between receptors expressed on B lymphocytes; B cell signaling; autoimmunity; rheumatoid arthritis; cooperation between regulatory B cells and T cell subsets
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent inflammation of synovial joints, resulting in progressive joint destruction and bone resorption and thus leading to disability.

Despite significant advances in rheumatoid research over the past decade, we still do not fully understand the cause of the disease, and we lack knowledge about how to cure or prevent RA.

At the molecular level, the pathogenesis of RA is driven by a dysregulated immune response leading to the abnormal activation of B and T cells and the production of autoantibodies and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-6.

TNF inhibitors and IL-6 receptor antagonists have significantly improved clinical outcomes by specifically targeting key inflammatory pathways. More recently, the development of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors has offered an oral alternative with broad immunomodulatory effects. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in achieving sustained remission and managing treatment-related adverse effects.

Emerging molecular targets in the treatment of RA include CD40 and the CD40 ligand, programmed death protein 1 (PD-1), and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Multiple signal transduction pathways are involved in the disease progression of rheumatoid arthritis, and abnormal signals are often targets for drug discovery. Thus, improved knowledge of intracellular signaling pathways and immunometabolic changes in RA will complement current precision medicine strategies, especially for patients with difficult-to-treat RA, and more specifically, those with multidrug resistance disease.

This Special Issue, “Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Molecular Basis to Therapies”, seeks to collate a selection of original and review articles on identifying novel molecular targets in the treatment of RA.

Prof. Dr. Gabriella Sármay
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • autoimmune
  • intracellular signaling pathways
  • targeted therapy
  • inflammation
  • immunometabolic reprogramming
  • CD40
  • CD40 ligand
  • GM-CSF
  • PD-1
  • inhibitors

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 239 KiB  
Article
Genetic Variants of the ATIC Gene and Therapeutic Response to Methotrexate in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
by Sergio Gabriel Gallardo-Moya, Laura Gonzalez-Lopez, Betsabe Contreras-Haro, Mario Alberto Mireles-Ramirez, Alejandra Villagomez-Vega, María Cristina Morán-Moguel, Miriam Méndez-Del Villar, María Luisa Vazquez-Villegas, Jorge Ivan Gamez-Nava and Ana Miriam Saldaña-Cruz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4013; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094013 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 160
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is the conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) recommended as the first-choice anti-rheumatic drug for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, responses to MTX may be influenced by genetic variants. We aim to evaluate the association of the rs2372536, rs4673990, and rs4673993 genetic [...] Read more.
Methotrexate (MTX) is the conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) recommended as the first-choice anti-rheumatic drug for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, responses to MTX may be influenced by genetic variants. We aim to evaluate the association of the rs2372536, rs4673990, and rs4673993 genetic variants of the ATIC gene with therapeutic failure of MTX in patients with RA. A case–control study was performed. Disease activity was measured using the disease activity score based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). RA patients were classified into two groups: (a) responders (DAS28-ESR ≤ 3.2), which is the group of patients who did respond to methotrexate, and (b) non-responders (DAS28-ESR > 3.2), which is the group of patients who did not respond to methotrexate. Serum levels of the 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) enzyme and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genotyping of ATIC genetic variants was performed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using TaqMan probes. A total of 260 patients with RA were included. In total, 142 (54.6%) were non-responders to MTX. IL-6 levels were increased in the non-responder group (p = 0.002), while no statistical differences were observed in the AICAR levels. The variables associated with non-response were higher HAQ-Di, weekly MTX dose, glucocorticoid use, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and carriers of the polymorphic homozygous variant of rs4673993 (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.04–19.34; p = 0.04). The use of sulfazaline offered protective effects. Our findings indicate that the polymorphism rs4673993 gene variant of the AICAR protein may significantly influence MTX resistance. Therefore, these results support the importance of the pathway generating extracellular adenosine and its effects on promoting the immune regulation for the mechanism of MTX therapy of RA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Molecular Basis to Therapies)
16 pages, 2142 KiB  
Article
PD-L1+ Regulatory B Cells from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Have Impaired Function in Suppressing IFN-ү and IL-21 Production
by Mustafa Talib, Balázs Gyebrovszki, Anna Fodor, Anna Mészáros, Kata Balog Virág, Leila Gloria Barta, Bernadette Rojkovich, György Nagy and Gabriella Sármay
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 2998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26072998 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 428
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathomechanism of RA depends on both B and T cells. Regulatory B cells (Breg) have been shown to suppress T-cell immune responses and play a key role in modulating autoimmune processes. We aimed [...] Read more.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathomechanism of RA depends on both B and T cells. Regulatory B cells (Breg) have been shown to suppress T-cell immune responses and play a key role in modulating autoimmune processes. We aimed to investigate the possibility of utilizing PD-L1+ Breg cells in downregulating the Th cells’ immune response in healthy individuals and RA patients. We hypothesized that the PD-1/PD-1L interaction plays a key role in this process, which may be defective in autoimmune diseases. We separated T and B cells from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers and RA patients by magnetic cell sorting, and Th cells and Treg cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The cytokine production by CD4+ Th cells was detected by intracellular flow cytometry. CpG and CD40L stimulations were applied to induce PD-L1hi expressing Breg cells. We found that the frequency of PD-L1hi cells is significantly lower in all B-cell subsets in RA compared to healthy controls. Functional analysis of induced PD-L1+ Breg cells in coculture with activated autologous Th cells has shown that healthy control samples containing higher levels of PD-L1hi Breg cells significantly inhibit IFN-ү and IL-21 production by Th cells. In contrast, RA patients’ samples with lower levels of PD-L1hi Breg cells failed to do so. Since the expression of PD-L1 on B cells can be modulated in vitro to induce Breg cell suppressive capacity, these data may provide new perspectives for future therapy for RA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Molecular Basis to Therapies)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

23 pages, 361 KiB  
Review
Proteasome Inhibitors: Potential in Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy?
by Oktávia Tarjányi, Katalin Olasz, Fanni Rátky, György Sétáló and Ferenc Boldizsár
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 2943; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26072943 - 24 Mar 2025
Viewed by 329
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of peripheral joint cartilage and bone tissue. Despite the advent of biological therapies in the past decades, the complete remission of RA patients is still out of reach. Therefore, the [...] Read more.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of peripheral joint cartilage and bone tissue. Despite the advent of biological therapies in the past decades, the complete remission of RA patients is still out of reach. Therefore, the search for novel therapeutic approaches is still open in the field of RA. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) were originally designed to be used in hematological malignancies like multiple myeloma. However, evidence has shown that they are potent inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway, which plays a pivotal role in inflammatory processes and RA. Furthermore, inhibition of cell activation and induction of apoptosis was also reported about PIs. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the potential effects of PIs in RA based on reports from animal and human studies. We believe that there is substantial potential in the use of PIs in RA therapy either alone or in combination with the medications already used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Molecular Basis to Therapies)
Back to TopTop