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Molecular Insights into Ophthalmic Diseases

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ophthalmic diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy represent a growing global health challenge and are driven by multifactorial molecular mechanisms. Beyond environmental and lifestyle-related factors, the onset and progression of ophthalmic diseases are influenced by complex interactions between genetic predisposition, metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, immune responses, and age-related molecular changes. Understanding these pathways is essential for discovering novel biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and strategies for early intervention.

This Special Issue welcomes original research articles and comprehensive reviews that explore the full spectrum of molecular processes underlying ocular diseases. Submissions may address, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Molecular pathophysiology of retinal, corneal, lens, and optic nerve disorders.
  • Genetic and epigenetic factors, including gene regulation, mutations, and gene–environment interactions.
  • Cellular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy.
  • Biomarker discovery and molecular diagnostics for early detection and disease monitoring.
  • Innovative therapeutic strategies, including targeted drugs, gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and nutraceuticals.
  • Advanced technologies such as omics approaches, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and molecular imaging in ophthalmic research.

By integrating insights across environmental, genetic, and molecular domains, this Special Issue aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of ophthalmic diseases and promote translational advances that improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Dr. Alicja Forma
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • environmental hazards
  • ophthalmic diseases
  • molecular mechanisms
  • risk factors
  • disease prevention
  • oxidative stress
  • biomarkers
  • therapeutic targets

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

32 pages, 3099 KB  
Article
Metallomic Analysis of Vitreous Humor of the Human Eye—A Post-Mortem Multielemental Study
by Alicja Forma, Michał Flieger, Beata Kowalska, Jolanta Flieger, Andrzej Torbicz, Jacek Bogucki, Grzegorz Teresiński, Ryszard Maciejewski, Robert Rejdak, Joanna Dolar-Szczasny, Weronika Pająk and Jacek Baj
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(6), 2527; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27062527 - 10 Mar 2026
Viewed by 419
Abstract
The elemental composition of the vitreous humor may reflect physiological and pathological processes occurring in the eye. The objective of this study was to provide a complex multielemental analysis of human vitreous humor. Vitreous humor samples (n = 57) were collected post-mortem during [...] Read more.
The elemental composition of the vitreous humor may reflect physiological and pathological processes occurring in the eye. The objective of this study was to provide a complex multielemental analysis of human vitreous humor. Vitreous humor samples (n = 57) were collected post-mortem during autopsies. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to quantify micro-, trace-, ultra-trace, and toxic elements. The study showed the occurrence of elements at the ppm (Na, K, P, Ca, Mg), ppb (Al, Rb, Zn, Fe, Sr, Cu), and ppt (Ce, La, Nd, Tb) levels. Hierarchical clustering using Ward’s method and k-means analysis revealed four distinct clusters, including two major clusters representing the baseline macro- and microelement profile characteristic for the studied population. Correlations between elements revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive and negative correlations between elements with (I) chemical similarity Ce-La, Cs-Rb, Rb-K, Ca-P, Zn-Cu, and Cs-K; (II) a possible common environmental origin, Cd-P, and Rb-P; (III) involvement in similar biological processes as K-P; and (iv) a common geochemical origin and similar biological functions, i.e., Se-Zn. The study identified several quantitative trends in the demographic and medical characteristics of the participants. Alcohol users had significantly higher Zn concentrations than non-alcohol users; women had significantly higher Ca concentrations than men; higher BMI correlated positively with Cs and negatively with Be and Cr levels; and Cu, Sb, Cd, Se, and Ca concentrations increased with age. The presence of several toxic and potentially toxic elements was identified in the vitreous body: Al (>10 ppb); Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Mn; and Ba (<10 ppb); As, Hg, Sb, Tl, Bi, Be (<1 ppb). The study showed that, within a given geographic region, the accumulation profiles of toxic metals are quite homogeneous, indicating common sources of exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Ophthalmic Diseases)
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