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Recent Progress in Extracellular Vesicles

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2026) | Viewed by 4932

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
Interests: miRNA; extracellular vesicles; exosomes; colitis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer particles secreted by cells into extracellular space. They contain various bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids (such as microRNAs), and lipids. These cargo molecules are protected within EVs, enabling their stable transfer between cells and influencing cellular functions and signaling pathways.

Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has significantly advanced in recent years, becoming a critical field for understanding cellular communication and complex biological mechanisms. This Special Issue, titled Recent Progress in Extracellular Vesicles, invites contributions that explore EV biogenesis, characterization, and functions, as well as their pivotal roles in various physiological processes, pathologies, and therapeutic applications. Highlights include the use of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and targeted drug delivery vehicles, as well as their involvement in regulating inflammatory, immune, regenerative, and many other biological processes, including intercellular signaling and tissue repair. For this Special Issue, we also welcome submissions on the latest innovations in EV isolation, characterization, and analysis, with an emphasis on novel tools, methodologies, and emerging techniques for studying EV biogenesis, biology, applications, and therapeutic potential. By gathering groundbreaking research, this Special Issue will push the field forward, solidifying the importance of EVs in cellular biology, disease mechanisms, and translational medicine

As the Guest Editor of this Special Issue, I hope that this collection of articles will serve as a valuable point of reference for teaching and research, stimulating discussions and inspiring new avenues of research in the field of EVs.

Dr. Regina Golan-Gerstl
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • extracellular vesicles (EVs)
  • macrovesicles
  • exosomes
  • cell–cell comunication

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 2569 KB  
Article
Comprehensive Characterisation of Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Using Multiparametric Size-Exclusion Chromatography
by Darja Božič, Katja Vrabec, Ana Železnik, Andrej Raspor, Valentina Novak, Ivana Petrović Koshmak, Maja Leskovec and Aleš Štrancar
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8477; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178477 - 31 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1700
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise in the fields of diagnostics and therapeutics. However, the heterogeneity of these membrane-enclosed messengers and the complexity of the biological samples in which they occur pose significant research challenges. The aim of this study was to improve [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise in the fields of diagnostics and therapeutics. However, the heterogeneity of these membrane-enclosed messengers and the complexity of the biological samples in which they occur pose significant research challenges. The aim of this study was to improve the reliability of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and immunolabelling as common approaches in the EV field, and to provide a comprehensive characterisation tool for diverse EV preparations. Profiling of SEC-separated sample components was conducted through light absorbance, fluorescence, and light scattering, providing insights into particle content, size, protein content, and specific markers. Key considerations for assay robustness, including SEC mobile phase composition and immunostaining parameters, were addressed. Respecting the importance of controlled immunolabelling and preanalytical factors, the method efficiently reveals changes in the sample profile with respect to particles and small impurities. The detailed analytical capabilities and method adaptability offer a practical way to enhance the efficiency of EV research and applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Extracellular Vesicles)
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Review

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43 pages, 3151 KB  
Review
Milk-Derived EVs from Different Animal Sources: An Overview on Their Detection, Isolation and Pleiotropic Exerted Effects
by Ludovica Di Fabrizio, Faiza Abbas, Daniele Lopez, Mariele Montanari, Maria Carmela Scatà, Francesco Grandoni, Samanta Mecocci, Katia Cappelli, Paola Lanuti, Claudia Maria Radu, Genny Del Zotto, Stefano Papa, Anna Donniacuo, Alessandra Martucciello and Barbara Canonico
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041938 - 18 Feb 2026
Viewed by 716
Abstract
Milk is a primary source of vital nutrients and bioactive components fundamental to the growth and development of both newborn animals and humans. Produced by economically significant livestock species (including cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and camels), milk is a complex matrix rich in [...] Read more.
Milk is a primary source of vital nutrients and bioactive components fundamental to the growth and development of both newborn animals and humans. Produced by economically significant livestock species (including cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and camels), milk is a complex matrix rich in caseins, vitamins, fats, and proteins. Beyond its classical nutritional profile, milk serves as a pivotal vehicle for milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs). These specialized food-derived EVs (fEVs) exert pleiotropic effects that resonate with the One Health paradigm, linking animal well-being and human nutrition to broader ecosystem stability. mEVs offer unique advantages, such as high biocompatibility and gastrointestinal stability, also rendering them potential therapeutic tools as drug delivery systems. However, challenges remain regarding the standardization of mEVs and the variability of their molecular cargo. This review provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of mEVs across a diverse taxonomic range, including bovines, water buffaloes, yaks, camels, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys, and humans, highlighting their distinct functional signatures. Indeed, a critical issue in mEV research is the isolation process: recommendations to minimize contamination from milk fat globules and casein micelles (which can cover EV signals) are given. Finally, current detection methods and instrumentation, with a specific focus on advancing flow cytometry (FC) approaches are discussed. Key insights include the use of conventional FC (with fluorescence triggering, the necessity of rigorous controls and calibration, and the utility of bead-based assays to overcome resolution limits) and imaging flow cytometry (IFC). In both technical approaches, the application of different EV generic fluorescent markers and the strategic selection of tetraspanins (i.e., CD9, CD63, CD81), is mandatory: we emphasize that selecting the correct antibody clones and accounting for inter-species cross-reactivity are essential steps for ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of mEV research across mammalian species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Extracellular Vesicles)
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25 pages, 8250 KB  
Review
Exosomal Interventions in Bone and Osteochondral Repair: Mechanisms and Outcomes
by Priyadarshini Sakthi Mohan, Nazia Binti Abdul Majid, Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo, Wijenthiran Kunasekaran, Tan Li Jin, Lee Siew Ee, Chua Kok Seng and Gopinath Venkatraman
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211172 - 19 Nov 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1552
Abstract
Critically sized bone defects remain a global health and economic burden, and biomaterials associated with stem cell therapy have been widely applied as a significant strategy for bone regeneration. Due to limitations related to cell survivability, immune rejection, and transplantation at the defective [...] Read more.
Critically sized bone defects remain a global health and economic burden, and biomaterials associated with stem cell therapy have been widely applied as a significant strategy for bone regeneration. Due to limitations related to cell survivability, immune rejection, and transplantation at the defective bone site, the improved therapeutic outcomes of stem cells are achieved through paracrine actions, which involve the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and/or other factors. Ultra-small, nano-sized exosomes (Exos) of endosomal origin have demonstrated promising potential for bone regeneration through partially revealed intercellular communication. However, the real-time feasibility before clinical trials remains unknown. The current report aims to provide an overview of the various stem cell-derived exosomes in treating bone and cartilage defects, including osteoarthritis (OA) and osteochondral defect (OCD), and optimize the yield of Exos with enhanced tissue engineering potentials. Additionally, the encapsulation of Exos with various bioactive molecules to enhance therapeutic efficacy, their functionalization with biocompatible scaffolds to promote sustained release in the defective cellular microenvironment, and the molecular functions of Exos were investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Extracellular Vesicles)
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