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Horticulturae
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New Insights into Understanding Aspects of Plant Development in Horticultural...
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New Insights into Understanding Aspects of Plant Development in Horticultural Crops

A special issue of Horticulturae (ISSN 2311-7524). This special issue belongs to the section "Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 15228

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrey A. Sinjushin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
Interests: plant breeding flower development; inflorescence; morphology; ontogeny; floral evolution; pollination; plant genetics
Dr. Irina Kiseleva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: plant physiology and biochemistry; mechanisms of plant tolerance; plant-microorganism interaction; photosynthesis and assimilate translocation; plant productivity; plant biotechnology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

For millennia, the breeding of horticultural plants was carried out as a matter of art or intuition without involving scientific knowledge. As a result, hundreds of fine cultivars of fruit trees, vegetables, and ornamental plants appeared. These treasures were additionally expanded later, when breeding processes were strengthened with the Mendelian principles of heredity and knowledge on plant physiology. The resulting diversity of horticultural crops, in addition to serving as a source of food and beauty, can be used to further investigate mechanisms of development of plant organisms. Although the key principles of plant development and its regulation were initially dissected in Arabidopsis thaliana, there are still many aspects which cannot be studied through the use of this convenient model. That is why it is of both practical and fundamental significance to explore developmental processes and their control in horticultural crops, such as gerbera, vegetable peas, or apple trees. This becomes more and more effective with the ongoing generation of new methods, such as electron microscopy, whole-genome or transcriptome sequencing, bioinformatics, quantitative methods in physiology, or automated phenotyping. The obtained results can be applied for further improvement in horticultural crops via marker-assisted selection and other contemporary approaches.

This Special Issue welcomes contributions from researchers who work with plant development and its regulation using horticultural crops (vegetables, fruit trees, herbs, and ornamental plants).

Dr. Andrey A. Sinjushin
Dr. Irina Kiseleva
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Horticulturae is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • developmental genetics
  • homeosis
  • meristem
  • ontogeny
  • phytohormones
  • plant development

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4338 KiB  
Article
Lignification in Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) Stem Sections of Different Age: Biochemical and Molecular Genetic Traits
by Anastasia S. Tugbaeva, Alexander A. Ermoshin, Hada Wuriyanghan and Irina S. Kiseleva
Horticulturae 2023, 9(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030410 - 22 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2597
Abstract
Lignification of the stem in zinnia provides its mechanical properties due to xylem formation, which depends on the stage of plant development and is responsible for the transport of water and minerals. The study was aimed at the lignin deposition, anatomical traits, biochemical [...] Read more.
Lignification of the stem in zinnia provides its mechanical properties due to xylem formation, which depends on the stage of plant development and is responsible for the transport of water and minerals. The study was aimed at the lignin deposition, anatomical traits, biochemical markers of lignification, as well as the genetic regulation of this process in zinnia stem cross sections of different age during their radial growth. The anatomical traits were assessed on cross sections. The content of lignin (Cysteine-assisted sulfuric method (CASA) and the thioglycolic acid (TGA) methods), the spectrum of phenolics (by thin layer chromatography (TLC)), the total activity and the variety of class III peroxidases were determined. The expression level of genes regulating phenylpropanoids and lignin biosynthesis were assessed. We suggest that time-specific and organ-specific lignification is determined by the metabolism of phenolic compounds and depends on the expression of genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway. It was shown that in the hypocotyl, during xylem ring formation, lignification was associated with increased expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes responsible for the early stages of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and with the rise of class III peroxidases activity, including cationic isoforms. This caused increased content and diversity of phenolics in mature hypocotyl. In epicotyl, which is younger than the hypocotyl, the proportion of ferulic acid among phenolics increased, which could be considered as a marker of lignification in it. The high expression level of CAD and the activity of peroxidases, including anionic isoforms, led to accumulation of lignin. Thus, the hypocotyl and epicotyl, being characterized by different ages, differed in spectrum of phenolics, isoforms of class III peroxidases, expression of the PAL, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), peroxidases III class (PRX), and laccase (LAC) genes, and lignin content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Understanding Aspects of Plant Development in Horticultural Crops)
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9 pages, 643 KiB  
Article
Ovule Number and Flower Size in Pea (Pisum sativum L.): Variation, Heritability, and Correlation with Some Components of Productivity
by Andrey Sinjushin, Olga Ash and Galina Khartina
Horticulturae 2023, 9(3), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030371 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2120
Abstract
The seed yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) depends on numerous environmental and genotypic factors. The ongoing climate changes draw one’s attention to genetics and variation of underexplored reproductive traits. This study focuses on ovule number (ON) and flower size expressed as [...] Read more.
The seed yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) depends on numerous environmental and genotypic factors. The ongoing climate changes draw one’s attention to genetics and variation of underexplored reproductive traits. This study focuses on ovule number (ON) and flower size expressed as a length of flag petal (FL), in terms of their heritability, variability, and correlation with 1000 seed mass (TSM), seed number per pod, and seed/ovule ratio. A set of pea accessions was planted over several years in field conditions. Some of these accessions were also grown in a glasshouse. The chosen values were scored on living plants or while harvesting seeds. Nonparametric statistical methods were applied. Heritability of ON and FL was studied in five hybrid F1/F2 combinations. We found a relatively low (ca. 0.5) broad sense heritability of both ON and FL. Among other traits, TSM and ON reproduced best over the years. FL exhibited no reproducible correlations with other traits and cannot be used as a predictor of productivity. Water deficit and heat stress reduce seed yield in pea due to both seed abortion and development of fewer ovules. The differential and heritable ability to retain ON may become a basis for breeding pea cultivars adapted to changing climate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Understanding Aspects of Plant Development in Horticultural Crops)
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14 pages, 2711 KiB  
Article
Cucumber Strigolactone Receptor CsDAD2 and GA3 Interact to Regulate Shoot Branching in Arabidopsis thaliana L.
by Yaoliang Cao, Yanlong Dong, Runming Zhang, Qian Li, Ruonan Peng, Chao Chen, Mengdi Lu and Xiaoxia Jin
Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010023 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2597
Abstract
Previous studies identified that strigolactones (SLs) and gibberellins (GAs) interacted when controlling branching in plant shoots, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. qRT-PCR analysis suggested that the SL receptor gene CsDAD2 was significantly upregulated in the leaves, stems, and nodes of cucumber after [...] Read more.
Previous studies identified that strigolactones (SLs) and gibberellins (GAs) interacted when controlling branching in plant shoots, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. qRT-PCR analysis suggested that the SL receptor gene CsDAD2 was significantly upregulated in the leaves, stems, and nodes of cucumber after treatment with 50 mg/L of GA3. Furthermore, the CsDAD2 gene was cloned and introduced into wild-type Arabidopsis plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. For the CsDAD2-OE lines, the endogenous content of GA3 was subsequently higher at the seedling stage, with the number of primary cauline branches also significantly increased at the maturity stage compared with WT. Additionally, GA-related genes were up-regulated in the first inter-nodes and the third nodes of the CsDAD2-OE lines, thus indicating that GA was metabolically active in these tissues. The expression of the branch inhibitor gene AtBRC1 decreased at the seedling stage as well as at the maturity stage of the CsDAD2-OE lines. These findings suggest that CsDAD2 might have important functions in the interactions between GAs and SLs as it can promote the accumulation of GAs in plant nodes and suppress the expression of BRC1, hence increasing primary cauline branching. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Understanding Aspects of Plant Development in Horticultural Crops)
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17 pages, 7894 KiB  
Article
Morphological, Anatomical, Physiological and Biochemical Changes during Adventitious Roots Formation of Bougainvillea buttiana ‘Miss Manila’
by Tao Huang, Huihui Zhang, Qianqian Sheng and Zunling Zhu
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121156 - 6 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4753
Abstract
Bougainvillea, a widely used ornamental plant, is mainly propagated by cuttings and tissue culture. Still, large-scale production of Bougainvillea is often difficult because of rooting issues. Therefore, based on an early establishment of the regeneration system for tissue culture in Bougainvillea by [...] Read more.
Bougainvillea, a widely used ornamental plant, is mainly propagated by cuttings and tissue culture. Still, large-scale production of Bougainvillea is often difficult because of rooting issues. Therefore, based on an early establishment of the regeneration system for tissue culture in Bougainvillea by our research team, we further studied its rooting mechanism. It was observed that the morphology and anatomical structure of Bougainvillea buttiana ‘Miss Manila’ contained endogenous hormones, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and zeatin-riboside (ZR), including peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and IAA-oxidase (IAAO) activities. Following the culture, Days 0–15 consisted of the induction and initiation stages, while Days 15–25 included the expression stages. No latent root primordium was found in the Bougainvillea plantlet, which belonged to the induced rooting type. The root primordium was derived from callus cells generated by divisions of parenchyma cells in the basic tissues. It was found that the changes in the POD, PPO, and IAAO activities were closely related to the formation of adventitious roots (AR), in which the highest rooting values occurred during the transition from the initiation stage to the expression stage, whereas the endogenous IAA and ABA contents had negative and positive correlations during the induction, initiation, and expression stages.; The values of GA3 and ZR also peaked during the transition from the initiation to the expression stage. ZR and GA3 were found to promote adventitious root formation, while ABA inhibited it. The IAA/ABA, ABA/ GA3, and IAA/ZR ratios also shifted at the onset of the expression stage of AR, indicating these values were closely related to their occurrence. Overall, this study provides the basis for further research considering AR formation in Bougainvillea, and the propagation of various Bougainvillea varieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Understanding Aspects of Plant Development in Horticultural Crops)
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17 pages, 2719 KiB  
Article
Metabolomics Data Revealed Metabolite Changes during Endocarp Lignification in Kernel-Using Apricot
by Qiuping Zhang, Xiaoxue Ma, Weisheng Liu, Ning Liu, Yuping Zhang, Ming Xu, Shuo Liu, Yujun Zhang, Haijuan Zhao and Jiacheng Liu
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100967 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2396
Abstract
To understand the metabolite dynamics and genetic regulatory mechanism of apricot shell, a typical endocarp, before and after lignification are unknown, we investigated the metabolite differences of the endocarp of ‘Youyi,’ a popular kernel-using apricot cultivar, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry [...] Read more.
To understand the metabolite dynamics and genetic regulatory mechanism of apricot shell, a typical endocarp, before and after lignification are unknown, we investigated the metabolite differences of the endocarp of ‘Youyi,’ a popular kernel-using apricot cultivar, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry strategy. The endocarp thickness increased rapidly from 8 to 37 days after flowering (DAF) and lignin deposition began at 37 DAF. In total, 626 non-volatile metabolites were obtained from the endocarp tissues before (33 DAF) and after (41 and 45 DAF) lignification. The relative sugar and organic acid contents decreased continuously and those of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine increased after lignification. In the non-lignified endocarp, the phenylpropanoid metabolites were mainly in the form of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, neochlorogenic acid, dicumarol, coniferin, and some lignans. After lignification, the metabolites were mainly in the form of glycoside lignin or lactone coumarins, and the relative contents of L-asarinin and forsythin increased. The results of transcriptome confirmed the upregulation of genes related to lignin biosynthesis, including β-glucosidase and coniferyl-alcohol glucosyltransferase and laccases, accelerated lignification. This study provides insights into the formation of lignified endocarp in a kernel-using apricot and clarifies the role of monolignin transport and oxidative polymerization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Understanding Aspects of Plant Development in Horticultural Crops)
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