Novel Insights into Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Medieval Europe

A special issue of Histories (ISSN 2409-9252). This special issue belongs to the section "Political, Institutional, and Economy History".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2025) | Viewed by 12665

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Historical Sciences, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
Interests: Medieval urban history; port societies and maritime history; globalization in the Middle Ages

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Naval warfare and diplomacy in the Middle Ages are topics that have received increasing attention from historians in recent decades. However, there are still many aspects to be explored and better-understood, both from a regional and a comparative perspective. Naval warfare was a crucial factor in the political and economic development of medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. The sea offered opportunities for trade, exploration, and conquest, but also posed challenges and threats from enemies and pirates. Diplomacy was often intertwined with naval power, as states sought to negotiate alliances, treaties, and truces with their rivals or enemies. This Special Issue aims to explore new research on naval warfare and diplomacy, with a special focus on the following themes:

  • The sources and methodology of the study of naval warfare and diplomacy in the Middle Ages, as well as the challenges and opportunities posed by new technologies and digital resources.
  • The organization and functioning of medieval fleets and navies, as well as their role in the military and political strategies of kingdoms and cities.
  • Naval conflicts and their economic, social, and cultural consequences, both locally and internationally.
  • The forms and instruments of maritime diplomacy, from treaties and alliances to embassies and trade missions.
  • The actors and networks involved in naval warfare and diplomacy, such as nobles, merchants, privateers, pirates, knights, clerics, military orders, etc.
  • The economic resources for war, which were essential for maintaining and expanding naval power in the Middle Ages, since warships, weapons, supplies, crews, and coastal fortifications required considerable investments and expenditures.
  • The presence and participation of women in naval war and diplomacy. Women played various roles in relation to naval warfare in the Middle Ages, such as rulers, patrons, warriors, spies, hostages, captives, traders, pirates, or victims—these roles could challenge or reinforce the gender norms and expectations of their societies.

Prof. Dr. Jesús Ángel Solórzano Telechea
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • medieval
  • naval warfare
  • piracy
  • privateering
  • diplomacy
  • women
  • warship

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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8 pages, 1934 KB  
Editorial
Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Southwestern Europe in the Middle Ages: Introduction
by Jesús Ángel Solórzano Telechea
Histories 2026, 6(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/histories6010010 - 24 Jan 2026
Viewed by 271
Abstract
This article serves as the editorial introduction to the Histories Special Issue titled “Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Southwestern Europe in the Middle Ages [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Medieval Europe)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial

31 pages, 328 KB  
Article
At the Heart of the Medieval Catalan Navy: The Inhabitants of Castelló d’Empúries in Service of James II of Aragon in Sicily, an Example from the Late 13th Century (The Battle of Cape Orlando, 1299)
by Josep Maria Gironella Granés
Histories 2026, 6(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/histories6010004 - 26 Dec 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
This article presents some information about the participation of nearly one hundred inhabitants of Castelló d’Empúries (currently located in the Alt Empordà region, province of Girona, in the northeastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula) in the Battle of Cape Orlando (coast of Sicily), [...] Read more.
This article presents some information about the participation of nearly one hundred inhabitants of Castelló d’Empúries (currently located in the Alt Empordà region, province of Girona, in the northeastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula) in the Battle of Cape Orlando (coast of Sicily), which in 1299 pitted the fleets of James II of Aragon against those of his brother Frederick III of Sicily. The article provides the names of the participants and discusses several issues related to their involvement in this expedition. It also offers relevant information about the participation of the town’s inhabitants in other military ventures and about the commercial navy of the Empordà region during the same period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Medieval Europe)
22 pages, 339 KB  
Article
From the Merchant Marine to the Naval Forces: Íñigo de Arteita, Captain in the Catholic Monarchs’ Fleet
by José Damián González Arce and Inazio Conde Mendoza
Histories 2025, 5(4), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/histories5040063 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 744
Abstract
The figure of Íñigo Ibáñez de Arteita exemplifies military and social advancement during the transition from the 15th to the 16th century. Drawing upon archival materials from Lequeitio, notarial records from Valencia and Barcelona, and royal sources such as the Registro General del [...] Read more.
The figure of Íñigo Ibáñez de Arteita exemplifies military and social advancement during the transition from the 15th to the 16th century. Drawing upon archival materials from Lequeitio, notarial records from Valencia and Barcelona, and royal sources such as the Registro General del Sello and the proceedings of the Royal Chancery, this study examines his multifaceted profile. It introduces his family roots in the Basque town of Lequeitio and traces his trajectory—from his roles as merchant, transporter, and pirate in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, to his service as captain in the Catholic Monarchs’ fleet stationed in the Strait of Gibraltar, and as second-in-command in the 1495 expedition to Italy. His paradigmatic evolution enables an analysis of the rise of an extraordinary figure from one of the leading bourgeois families of Biscay, who—thanks to substantial real estate holdings, influential social and political networks, and remarkable nautical expertise—came to command one of the earliest permanent war fleets of his time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Medieval Europe)
18 pages, 299 KB  
Article
Maritime Conflicts and Diplomacy in Late Medieval Castile: Genoese Consuls, Vessels, and Merchants (14th–15th Centuries)
by Raúl González Arévalo and Daniel Ríos Toledano
Histories 2025, 5(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/histories5030042 - 30 Aug 2025
Viewed by 2638
Abstract
The strategic position of the coast of the Kingdom of Seville, along the western route between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, encouraged the presence of numerous fleets and merchant nations in its ports and waters. The proliferation of privateers and armed conflicts, both [...] Read more.
The strategic position of the coast of the Kingdom of Seville, along the western route between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, encouraged the presence of numerous fleets and merchant nations in its ports and waters. The proliferation of privateers and armed conflicts, both in Andalusian waters and beyond, had a significant impact on navigation and trade. This article examines the diplomatic strategies developed by the Genoese consuls in Seville to protect the interests of their nation in the maritime conflicts that affected them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Medieval Europe)
25 pages, 871 KB  
Article
Intelligence on Threats—Municipal Management of Maritime Warnings in 15th-Century Catalonia
by Victòria A. Burguera i Puigserver
Histories 2025, 5(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/histories5020027 - 10 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4005
Abstract
Since the early 14th century, the Mediterranean coasts of the Crown of Aragon had mechanisms in place to alert populations of incoming threats from the sea. In addition to maritime surveillance systems strategically positioned at elevated vantage points, any information reaching the coast [...] Read more.
Since the early 14th century, the Mediterranean coasts of the Crown of Aragon had mechanisms in place to alert populations of incoming threats from the sea. In addition to maritime surveillance systems strategically positioned at elevated vantage points, any information reaching the coast that posed a threat to the safety of the population or trade was swiftly relayed along the shoreline, ensuring that coastal communities could prepare and defend themselves. This information, preserved in the correspondence of coastal city authorities, serves today as a primary source not only for reconstructing maritime threats in the late Middle Ages but also for assessing the role of urban leaders in managing defence. This article explores both aspects. By analysing maritime alerts either received in the city of Barcelona or disseminated from it during the first half of the 15th century, this study examines the main threats to the Catalan coastline while emphasizing the central role of cities in managing the alert system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Medieval Europe)
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22 pages, 816 KB  
Article
Signalling Safe-Conduct(s): The Fiscalisation of Market Access for Castilian and Catalan Traders in Flanders During the First Half of the Fifteenth Century
by Adam Hall
Histories 2025, 5(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/histories5020025 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 1989
Abstract
This article assesses the importance of two tax controversies in conditioning market access in fifteenth-century Bruges. It looks at diplomatic posturing on the management of this market and the conditions for partaking in its trade. The theory of ‘signalling’ is applied to highlight [...] Read more.
This article assesses the importance of two tax controversies in conditioning market access in fifteenth-century Bruges. It looks at diplomatic posturing on the management of this market and the conditions for partaking in its trade. The theory of ‘signalling’ is applied to highlight diplomatic stances and reveal the reasoning behind policy decisions including reprisals, taxes, and boycotts hitherto absent in the literature. Diplomatic, urban legal, and fiscal sources are consulted to reveal what the Castilians and Catalans, sizeable and organised merchant communities in Bruges, perceived as an existential threat to their trade—the ‘fiscalisation’ of market access. This article takes a comparative approach, employing the theory of signalling to determine the strategies of the various actors involved and their efficacy. The Duke of Burgundy and his administration emerge from this story as the prime agent in determining this equilibrium, with the Castilians and Catalans bringing their diplomatic and economic leverage to bear to prevent it. The city of Bruges, as lobbyist and interlocutor, was involved throughout attempting to find a balance between its many merchant communities. These cases offer historical insights into strategies of negotiation when the economic stakes are high. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Naval Warfare and Diplomacy in Medieval Europe)
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