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Heritage
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Organic Materials in Heritage Science
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Organic Materials in Heritage Science

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials and Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 January 2023) | Viewed by 14567

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Massimo Lazzari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, c. Jenaro de la Fuente s/n—Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Interests: block copolymers; nanomaterials; functional materials; soft lithography; material science for cultural heritage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Organic materials, in form of natural resins or synthetic polymers, also including cellulosic and proteinaceous materials, are part of a wide variety of artworks, historical and archaeological objects. They may be constituent materials of cultural heritage objects, as in the case of paintings, graffiti, books and paper materials, parchments, leather artefacts, design and wooden objects, or are used for the conservation and preservation of tangible cultural heritage in form of organic (mostly polymeric) consolidants, adhesives and coatings.

In the context of heritage and conservation studies, this special issue focuses on:

  1. general aspects related with the development and critical assessment of organic materials for the conservation of cultural heritage, also including those used for cleaning treatments;
  2. identification, characterization, development of new analytical techniques and methods for diagnostics, prediction of long-term ageing of organic materials in historical, modern and contemporary artwork, and objects of cultural significance.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collect contributions highlighting recent achievements in the field of organic materials in/for cultural heritage, in form of original papers and short communications. Reviews, mini-reviews and papers reporting case studies will also be evaluated.

Do not hesitate to contact me before the submission!

Prof. Dr. Massimo Lazzari
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Heritage is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Natural resins
  • Terpenic resins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Oil paints
  • Plastics
  • Acrylic polymers
  • Contemporary artworks
  • Street art
  • Ancient paintings
  • Wooden sculptures
  • Archaeological objects
  • Textiles
  • Paper conservation
  • Stone conservation
  • Heritage cleaning
  • Organogels
  • Adhesives
  • Deterioration
  • Weathering
  • Restoration products
  • Spectroscopic techniques
  • Pyrolysis-gas chromatography

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 5346 KiB  
Article
Polysaccharide Paint Binding Media at Two Pharaonic Settlements in Nubia
by Kate Fulcher, Neal Spencer, Julia Budka and Rebecca J. Stacey
Heritage 2022, 5(3), 2028-2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030106 - 02 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2138
Abstract
Paints and plasters from two pharaonic settlement sites in Nubia (northern Sudan) were analysed to investigate the presence and origin of organic binding materials. The town of Sai was founded around the time of the pharaonic conquest of Kush (Upper Nubia) around 1500 [...] Read more.
Paints and plasters from two pharaonic settlement sites in Nubia (northern Sudan) were analysed to investigate the presence and origin of organic binding materials. The town of Sai was founded around the time of the pharaonic conquest of Kush (Upper Nubia) around 1500 BC, with Amara West created as a new centre for the pharaonic administration of the region around 1300 BC. Recent fieldwork at both sites yielded examples of paint palettes, including several from houses. These provide a different economic and social context to funerary contexts upon which most previous research has been conducted, making this study the first to report on binding media for vernacular architecture in the Nile Valley. It is also the first study of binding media from Nubia. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanolysed and silylated paint and plaster samples revealed a range of monosaccharides present in eight of the seventeen samples from Amara West, and in six of the seven samples from Sai. Interpretation of the data was supported by field collection and study of locally available botanical gums. The results indicate that mixtures of gums were in use as a pigment binder at both sites during the mid- to late-second millennium BC. The possibility that some of these plant gums could have been imported from the Mediterranean is also posited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Materials in Heritage Science)
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14 pages, 3912 KiB  
Article
Modeling Chemical Tests and Fiber Identification of Paper Materials Using Principal Component Analysis and Specular Reflection FTIR Data
by Julie H. Wertz, Arthur A. McClelland, Debora D. Mayer and Penley Knipe
Heritage 2022, 5(3), 1960-1973; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030102 - 01 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
Paper materials and works of art on paper such as drawings, watercolors, prints, books, and manuscripts represent a large portion of museum, archive, and library collections. However, paper materials are infrequently the subject of technical studies due to inherent limitations in their analysis [...] Read more.
Paper materials and works of art on paper such as drawings, watercolors, prints, books, and manuscripts represent a large portion of museum, archive, and library collections. However, paper materials are infrequently the subject of technical studies due to inherent limitations in their analysis such as the fragility of the paper substrate, a lack of suitable sampling opportunities, and the presence of mixed, but chemically similar cellulosic materials. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) modeling to specular reflection FTIR data has the potential to provide a non-invasive means of analysis for major and minor components in paper materials. Using known study collection objects, PCA models distinguishing paper sizing materials and fiber types based on specular reflection FTIR data were successfully demonstrated thus providing a plausible alternative method for the identification of paper materials in collection objects without the need for destructive testing or sampling of the object. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Materials in Heritage Science)
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16 pages, 13842 KiB  
Article
Changes in Straw-Containing Laboratory Papers Caused by Accelerated Ageing
by Ivana Plazonić, Irena Bates and Marina Vukoje
Heritage 2022, 5(3), 1836-1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030095 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1730
Abstract
Natural ageing has a major influence on the properties of paper, while light, heat, and humidity are the environmental influences that most disrupt the stability of paper. This research focuses on changes in straw-containing papers caused by accelerated ageing. The papers were made [...] Read more.
Natural ageing has a major influence on the properties of paper, while light, heat, and humidity are the environmental influences that most disrupt the stability of paper. This research focuses on changes in straw-containing papers caused by accelerated ageing. The papers were made in the laboratory by mixing straw pulp with the pulp of recycled fibers in different weight ratios and were artificially aged by a dry-heat treatment (thermal oxidation) and UV radiation treatment (photo-oxidation) over a 24 h period to simulate natural ageing. The observed changes in the optical, surface, and chemical stability of papers were analyzed and are discussed in this paper. It is evident that, regardless of the origin of straw for pulp production, it forms papers that undergoes similar optical properties (photo-yellowing and brightness lose), while certain differences have been observed in surface and chemical stability. Based on all analyses performed as part of this research, it was found that paper produced with the addition of wheat pulp is the most stable of all laboratory straw-containing papers. However, it must be emphasized that, if lignin-containing straw pulp is used as the main constituent of paper, the brightness stability of such pulp must be improved, or the paper surface must be improved by surface finishing in order to obtain greater stability against ageing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Materials in Heritage Science)
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19 pages, 3690 KiB  
Article
Multi-Analytical Assessment of Bodied Drying Oil Varnishes and Their Use as Binders in Armour Paints
by Francesca Caterina Izzo, Arja Källbom and Austin Nevin
Heritage 2021, 4(4), 3402-3420; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040189 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2350
Abstract
The characteristics of commercially available refined and bodied linseed and tung oils, used as binders in the production of armour paints after historic recipes, are explored. Employed as anticorrosive paints mainly from the 1920s to 1960s, armour paints are greener alternatives that can [...] Read more.
The characteristics of commercially available refined and bodied linseed and tung oils, used as binders in the production of armour paints after historic recipes, are explored. Employed as anticorrosive paints mainly from the 1920s to 1960s, armour paints are greener alternatives that can be used for protection in industrial heritage conservation. Using a multi-analytical approach, chemical and physical properties of the fresh oils and solid films before and after accelerated ageing (ISO 16474-2:2013) were investigated to better understand which features are beneficial for the technical function of armour paints. Tests included measurements of density, the refractive index, insoluble impurities, alkaline impurities, the water content, the iodine value, the saponification value, the free fatty acid concentration, the acid value, the peroxide value and colour (Lovibond) and cold tests. The characterisation of the fresh oils using molecular analysis with FTIR and GC-MS revealed the complexity of the commercial formulations, for which additions of semi- and non-drying oils were detected. The results show that organic paint binders follow complex chemical reactions (such as oxidation and decrease of unsaturation being variable or swelling following water-immersion tests), with implications for their suitability for use in protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Materials in Heritage Science)
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8 pages, 1988 KiB  
Article
Identification of Coatings on Persian Lacquer Papier Mache Penboxes by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Luminescence Imaging
by Alireza Koochakzaei, Ali Nemati Babaylou and Behrooz Jelodarian Bidgoli
Heritage 2021, 4(3), 1962-1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030111 - 24 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2143
Abstract
In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and luminescence imaging were used to identify the coatings of seven Persian lacquer papier mache penboxes, of which two were contemporary, one was from the Pahlavi era, and four belonged to the Qajar era. First, [...] Read more.
In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and luminescence imaging were used to identify the coatings of seven Persian lacquer papier mache penboxes, of which two were contemporary, one was from the Pahlavi era, and four belonged to the Qajar era. First, FTIR was used to identify the nature of the coating. Then, UV-induced visible luminescence imaging at the spectral ranges of 420–680 nm (UVL), 425–495 nm (UVIBL), and 615–645 nm (UVIRL) was performed for further examination. The FTIR results showed that the coatings were made of alkyd resin, oil-resin varnish (Kaman oil), and shellac. In UV-induced visible luminescence images, synthetic alkyd resin showed no fluorescence, which made it distinguishable from the natural organic coatings. While it is slightly challenging to differentiate Kaman oil from shellac based on FTIR results, these two coatings can be easily distinguished by their fluorescence in UVL and UVIBL images. The results suggest that the combined use of spectroscopy and spectral imaging methods can provide substantial information about the organic coatings of historical objects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Materials in Heritage Science)
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Review

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19 pages, 1636 KiB  
Review
Novel Approaches to Enhancing Sustainable Adhesive System Solutions in Contemporary Book Binding: An Overview
by Suzana Pasanec Preprotić, Marina Vukoje, Gorana Petković and Mirela Rožić
Heritage 2023, 6(1), 628-646; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010033 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2225
Abstract
This paper contributes to eco-efficient and sustainable book binding production. Higher book binding manufacturing efficiency—with less waste and reduce energy consumption—has been achieved with higher inputs of natural biodegradable sources into graphic arts materials through the eco-labeled paper grades and the use of [...] Read more.
This paper contributes to eco-efficient and sustainable book binding production. Higher book binding manufacturing efficiency—with less waste and reduce energy consumption—has been achieved with higher inputs of natural biodegradable sources into graphic arts materials through the eco-labeled paper grades and the use of eco-advanced adhesive system solutions. Nowadays, scientific sources on non-toxic polymers and resins, combined with current scientific knowledge and production development, are closely related to sustainability. Hence, advanced and improved adhesive system solution technologies should fulfill the needs of suppliers and customers who are involved in the International Framework for ISO/TC130 workflows. These strategic partnerships provide possibilities in the context of “closed-loop recycling models”, which spark and advance the discussions of stakeholders. It is very important that the novel engineered biodegradable adhesive system solutions provide productivity-increasing and cost-effective solution performances by saving money and improving the performed binding activities. Without doubt, the task of the scientific community is to continue to provide responsive and comprehensive approaches to fulfilling stakeholders’ specific needs through standardized quality assurance, with the emphasis on book-binders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Materials in Heritage Science)
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