The Future of Analytical Chemistry and Material Science for Cultural Heritage

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials and Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 717

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, c. Jenaro de la Fuente s/n—Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Interests: block copolymers; nanomaterials; functional materials; soft lithography; material science for cultural heritage
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The future of analytical chemistry and material science in cultural heritage lies in increasingly precise, non-destructive, and interdisciplinary approaches to studying and preserving historical artifacts. Analytical chemistry may provide increasingly powerful tools—such as, but not limited to, advanced spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and imaging techniques—that allow heritage scientists to characterize pigments, binders, metals, ceramics, and organic residues at microscopic and even molecular levels. That is without forgetting that novel portable instruments now enable more affordable in situ analysis in museums, archeological sites, and conservation laboratories, reducing the need for sampling and minimizing the risk to fragile objects.

Material science complements these techniques by investigating the physical and chemical properties of heritage materials, including their aging mechanisms, structural weaknesses, and environmental sensitivities. Understanding how materials deteriorate over time—due to light exposure, humidity, pollution, or biological activity—supports the development of innovative conservation treatments. Emerging materials such as nanostructured consolidants, compatible polymers, and smart protective coatings are being designed to stabilize artifacts while remaining reversible and minimally invasive.

Digital transformation will also play a crucial role. Artificial intelligence and machine learning is starting to assist in interpreting complex datasets, identifying patterns of degradation, and predicting long-term material behavior under varying environmental conditions. Big data platforms will allow researchers to share analytical results, creating global knowledge networks for heritage preservation. Sustainable conservation practices will also become increasingly important, emphasizing environmentally friendly materials and preventive conservation strategies.

In the future, starting from the contributions to this Special Issue, the integration of artificial intelligence, big data analysis, and portable instruments will enable fast, in situ diagnostics and predictive models for decay and environmental risk. Collaboration across disciplines—including chemists, conservators, archeologists, and digital technologists—will expand our ability to understand manufacturing techniques of the past, optimize preservation strategies, and ensure that cultural heritage endures for future generations.

Prof. Dr. Massimo Lazzari
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Heritage is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • analytical chemistry
  • material science
  • cultural heritage
  • non‑destructive analysis
  • artificial intelligence

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 14447 KB  
Article
Chromatic Signatures and Comprehensive Archaeometric Investigations of Prehistoric Ochre from Southern Romania
by Rodica-Mariana Ion, Monica Mărgărit, Meda Toderaș, Sofia Slămnoiu-Teodorescu, Gabriel Vasilievici and Elvira Alexandrescu
Heritage 2026, 9(6), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9060223 - 1 Jun 2026
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Abstract
This study investigates the composition, morphology and cultural significance of red pigment traces identified on bone pointed tools discovered in the Chalcolithic tell settlement of Pietrele–Măgura Gorgana, attributed to the Kodjadermen–Gumelnița–Karanovo VI cultural complex (4600–4250 BC). The observed use-wear patterns are [...] Read more.
This study investigates the composition, morphology and cultural significance of red pigment traces identified on bone pointed tools discovered in the Chalcolithic tell settlement of Pietrele–Măgura Gorgana, attributed to the Kodjadermen–Gumelnița–Karanovo VI cultural complex (4600–4250 BC). The observed use-wear patterns are consistent with repeated contact with soft, non-abrasive materials, including hide working, pigment application on leather or other organic surfaces, fiber manipulation, and perforation of soft substrates. Use-wear analysis revealed polished and flattened distal ends, compatible with repeated use on soft, non-abrasive materials, such as hide, leather, fiber, or other organic substrates. The possibility of pigment application directly on skin, in a practice analogous to tattooing, as previously published, cannot be excluded but remains speculative in the absence of experimental reference data or residue evidence specifically linked to such use. An associated ceramic container was tentatively interpreted as a possible vessel for ochre preparation, suggesting local processing of the pigment. The artifacts were investigated using multi-analytical archaeometric methods: SEM-EDS, AFM, TEM, FTIR, Raman, TGA, CLSM and pseudo-color image segmentation and 3D rendering of porosity distribution. The results consistently identified an iron oxide-based pigment, dominated by hematite and/or goethite, specific to ochre. Pigment particles (50–300 nm) form a well-defined superficial layer on the bone substrate, without Fe–Ca reactions at the interface. The simultaneous presence of Ca, P, Si, Mg and K indicates a silicate matrix with an apatite component, compatible with local and poorly purified raw materials. CIELAB colorimetric analyses revealed significant chromatic variability, suggesting the use of hematite-rich pigments and possible thermal transformations of goethite. The results contribute to the understanding of the pigment technologies of the Chalcolithic communities of the Lower Danube. Full article
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12 pages, 16871 KB  
Article
Metallic Ammunition of the United States Civil War: Characterization of the Case, Primer and Gunpowder by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
by Gabriele Rotter, Bryan Burnett, Marco Romeo, Carmelo Lamacchia, Claudio Carciola, Giancarlo Palumbo and Felice Nunziata
Heritage 2026, 9(6), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9060211 - 25 May 2026
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Abstract
This study presents a Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) characterization of three American Civil War era ammunition: the .56-52 Spencer, .56-56 Spencer, and .50 US carbine centerfire. Analysis revealed the Spencer rimfire cases consist of pure copper, likely to prevent [...] Read more.
This study presents a Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) characterization of three American Civil War era ammunition: the .56-52 Spencer, .56-56 Spencer, and .50 US carbine centerfire. Analysis revealed the Spencer rimfire cases consist of pure copper, likely to prevent the embrittlement caused by mercury fulminate in the primer, whereas the latter .50 US carbine centrefire case utilizes a brass alloy. The propellant was confirmed to be traditional black powder. Notably, traces of silicon and aluminum detected within the primer and propellant residues were thoroughly investigated. The lack of systematic glass markers suggests these elements originated from impurities or degraded organic binders, rather than intentionally added glass frictionators. Ultimately, this research addresses a gap in the literature regarding the material composition and degradation of mid-19th-century ammunition. Full article
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