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Heritage
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Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas
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Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2025) | Viewed by 16723

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Michele Betti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICeA), University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
Interests: structural engineering; masonry building; cultural heritage; seismic vulnerability; evaluation and rehabilitation; engineering education; earthquake engineering; neural network; optimization; computational mechanics; unilateral contact problems; system identification; structural health monitoring (SHM); seismic engineering; design of experiment; data analysis; output-only systems identification
Dr. Giovanni Castellazzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Interests: structural analysis; finite element analysis; finite element modeling; mechanical properties; stress analysis; construction structural dynamics; mechanics of materials; simulation building
Dr. Francesco Clementi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Building Engineering, and Architecture, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: mathematical models of curved beams; linear and non-linear dynamics of beams and laminates; non-smooth contact dynamics method applied to masonry structures; dynamic identification of physical; modal

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The historical and architectural heritage of many countries of the world consists mainly of masonry buildings. It is well known that many of these buildings are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and landslides. For this reason, there is an urgent need to improve the structural performance of historic buildings and enhance safety.

Although research has focused intensively on these aspects, there are still some problems related to appropriate management approaches.

This sort of heritage buildings is likely to be characterized by various changes over time, either negative changes due to abandonment, or positive changes due to renovation of historic buildings to support their adaptation to new living conditions. Thus, inherent vulnerabilities result from all the changes that the asset has undergone, which poses an even greater risk for buildings in seismic areas, as this could lead to irreversible damage and loss.

A good understanding of the vulnerability of historic buildings in earthquake-prone areas is therefore important for their appropriate preservation.

This not only allows the planning of preventive maintenance measures but, in the event of an earthquake, it leads to more informed decisions about where to intervene first and to determine more quickly where to take safety measures for the buildings most at risk.

Our goal, therefore, is to discuss outstanding issues, challenges, and successes in collecting architectural heritage data to improve the management of these types of assets.

We invite researchers, professionals, and stakeholders to contribute to this special issue by submitting both original research articles and review articles to promote scientific progress in this field.

Dr. Michele Betti
Dr. Giovanni Castellazzi
Dr. Francesco Clementi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Heritage is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • heritage management
  • H-BIM
  • digital twins
  • computational modeling
  • big data
  • artificial intelligence / machine learning
  • Internet of Things
  • best practices

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 10608 KiB  
Article
A Proactive GIS Geo-Database for Castles Damaged by the 2012 Emilia Earthquake
by Elena Zanazzi
Heritage 2025, 8(5), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8050156 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
The 2012 Emilia earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of fortified architecture. Based on the observed seismic behaviors, this research proposes a GIS geodatabase, designed with a proactive approach, for the prediction and prevention—at a territorial scale—of the most frequent damage mechanisms of the investigated [...] Read more.
The 2012 Emilia earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of fortified architecture. Based on the observed seismic behaviors, this research proposes a GIS geodatabase, designed with a proactive approach, for the prediction and prevention—at a territorial scale—of the most frequent damage mechanisms of the investigated typology. The designed geo-database allows for the identification of possible correlations between constructive features and the occurrence of damage, through statistical and geo-referenced analysis. Moreover, the designed geodatabase, by enabling the comparison of the damage level data with the seismic action of the site, through INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology) shakemaps, allowed the definition of experimental fragility curves, for three of the most common damage mechanisms. By applying these functions to castles in the province of Parma, it was possible to define future seismic risk scenarios for the mechanisms considered, thanks to the use of the seismic hazard map. Therefore, the described methodology could be functional to identify the most urgent and high-priority interventions in order to optimize the management of economic resources. The final aim is to promote the application of the concept of minimum intervention, and more in general to preserve the architectural heritage, avoiding emergency interventions and aiming instead to apply planned conservation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas)
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19 pages, 3960 KiB  
Article
Seismic Assessment and Restoration Strategies for Cultural Heritage Buildings in the Neapolitan Area: The Case of Villa Vannucchi
by Antonio Formisano and Giovanna Longobardi
Heritage 2025, 8(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040143 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
Italy is internationally renowned for its cultural heritage, a testament to its rich history. Many of these structures, built before the advent of modern engineering principles, were constructed based on empirical knowledge and lack seismic design considerations, making them highly vulnerable to earthquakes. [...] Read more.
Italy is internationally renowned for its cultural heritage, a testament to its rich history. Many of these structures, built before the advent of modern engineering principles, were constructed based on empirical knowledge and lack seismic design considerations, making them highly vulnerable to earthquakes. This vulnerability presents a significant challenge to preserving Italy’s architectural legacy. A notable example is Villa Vannucchi, located in the seismically active Vesuvius region. Given its historical and cultural significance, enhancing its structural resilience while preserving its architectural authenticity is imperative. This study investigates the seismic vulnerability of Villa Vannucchi through a comprehensive analysis of its structural deficiencies and proposes a targeted retrofitting strategy in accordance with the Italian Guidelines for Cultural Heritage (IGCH). The evaluation is conducted in three phases: 1 Preliminary structural assessment—Calculation of two critical safety factors to evaluate the villa’s overall stability. 2 Local collapse mechanism analysis—Examination of the structure’s susceptibility to localized failures. 3 Advanced computational modelling—Detailed simulations revealing critically low seismic coefficients. Based on these findings, a consolidation plan is developed, integrating traditional and minimally invasive techniques. Key interventions include reinforcing the masonry and reducing floor deformability to improve overall structural stability. The implementation of these retrofitting measures significantly enhances the villa’s seismic resilience, as evidenced by the increased safety coefficients. This reduction in vulnerability not only ensures the preservation of Villa Vannucchi, but also safeguards its cultural and historical legacy for future generations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas)
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19 pages, 4871 KiB  
Article
Emergency Response for Architectural Heritage in Seismic Areas: An Integrated Approach to Safety and Conservation
by Lia Ferrari
Heritage 2024, 7(9), 4678-4696; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7090221 - 28 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1238
Abstract
In 2015, hazard mitigation became a top priority on the international agenda, according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. When it comes to architectural heritage, it is crucial to develop tools and site-specific response plans that can help the prompt [...] Read more.
In 2015, hazard mitigation became a top priority on the international agenda, according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. When it comes to architectural heritage, it is crucial to develop tools and site-specific response plans that can help the prompt and effective management of seismic events. The paper presents part of a research study carried out at the University of Parma, aimed at improving emergency strategies for the protection of cultural heritage damaged by earthquakes. Specifically, it analyses first aid and recovery reinforcements, with a specific focus on masonry churches affected by the 2012 quake in the Emilia Romagna region (Italy). The study highlights criticalities and good practices of a site-specific response. It shows that recovery with a sharp separation between emergency and reconstruction activities leads to wasted resources in terms of cost, material, and time. On the other hand, the most effective strategies for the conservation of architectural heritage in earthquake-prone areas have proved to be based on an integrated and shared approach, aimed at balancing safety, conservation, and economic issues. This leads to a broadening of the concept of emergency interventions and, more generally, of structural reinforcement in the field of architectural conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas)
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25 pages, 20831 KiB  
Article
Digital Tools for the Preventive Conservation of Built Heritage: The Church of Santa Ana in Seville
by Estefanía Chaves, Jaime Aguilar, Alberto Barontini, Nuno Mendes and Víctor Compán
Heritage 2024, 7(7), 3470-3494; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7070164 - 30 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2059
Abstract
Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) plays a pivotal role in heritage conservation endeavours, offering a robust framework for digitally documenting existing structures and supporting conservation practices. However, HBIM’s efficacy hinges upon the implementation of case-specific approaches to address the requirements and resources of [...] Read more.
Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) plays a pivotal role in heritage conservation endeavours, offering a robust framework for digitally documenting existing structures and supporting conservation practices. However, HBIM’s efficacy hinges upon the implementation of case-specific approaches to address the requirements and resources of each individual asset and context. This paper defines a flexible and generalisable workflow that encompasses various aspects (i.e., documentation, surveying, vulnerability assessment) to support risk-informed decision making in heritage management tailored to the peculiar conservation needs of the structure. This methodology includes an initial investigation covering historical data collection, metric and condition surveys and non-destructive testing. The second stage includes Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling and structural analysis. All data generated and processed are managed in a multi-purpose HBIM model. The methodology is tested on a relevant case study, namely, the church of Santa Ana in Seville, chosen for its historical significance, intricacy and susceptibility to seismic action. The defined level of detail of the HBIM model is sufficient to inform the structural analysis, being balanced by a more accurate representation of the alterations, through linked orthophotos and a comprehensive list of alphanumerical parameters. This ensures an adequate level of information, optimising the trade-off between model complexity, investigation time requirements, computational burden and reliability in the decision-making process. Field testing and FEM analysis provide valuable insight into the main sources of vulnerability in the building, including the connection between the tower and nave and the slenderness of the columns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas)
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20 pages, 27692 KiB  
Article
An HBIM Approach for Structural Diagnosis and Intervention Design in Heritage Constructions: The Case of the Certosa di Pisa
by Anna De Falco, Francesca Gaglio, Francesca Giuliani, Massimiliano Martino and Vincenzo Messina
Heritage 2024, 7(4), 1850-1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7040088 - 22 Mar 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2156
Abstract
In the conservation of monumental heritage, the collection and utilization of information are of primary importance. The Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) procedure harnesses the potential of three-dimensional models, offering significant advantages in accessing documentation, interoperability, multidimensionality of intervention design, cost evaluation, and [...] Read more.
In the conservation of monumental heritage, the collection and utilization of information are of primary importance. The Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) procedure harnesses the potential of three-dimensional models, offering significant advantages in accessing documentation, interoperability, multidimensionality of intervention design, cost evaluation, and maintenance management. Our attention here is focused on the Certosa di Pisa (Italy), a large historical complex built in the 14th century as a monastery of the Carthusian Order, currently in a state of deterioration and in need of restoration and re-functionalization. The multifaceted nature of this monumental complex, with its intricate interplay of architectural elements spanning different historical periods and featuring diverse techniques, poses a significant challenge for structural safety assessment. This case study presents an opportunity to explore an HBIM approach to streamline the diagnostic process and facilitate the intervention design phase. The goal is achieved by utilizing an accurate 3D model enriched with data from multiple sources and automating certain operations for a simplified safety assessment of masonry structures under both gravity and seismic loads. The usefulness of the HBIM methodology is highlighted as a valuable tool in the realm of cultural heritage structures for both practitioners and scholars alike. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas)
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23 pages, 18944 KiB  
Article
Historic Building Information Modeling for Conservation and Maintenance: San Niccolo’s Tower Gate, Florence
by Anna Livia Ciuffreda, Francesco Trovatelli, Francesca Meli, Giorgio Caselli, Costanza Stramaccioni, Massimo Coli and Marco Tanganelli
Heritage 2024, 7(3), 1334-1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7030064 - 8 Mar 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2481
Abstract
In the field of conservation and protection of heritage buildings, knowledge plays a fundamental role, emphasized by national and international rules and regulations. This aspect becomes fundamental when conducting the structural assessment of a historical building. This study envisaged a cognitive phase via [...] Read more.
In the field of conservation and protection of heritage buildings, knowledge plays a fundamental role, emphasized by national and international rules and regulations. This aspect becomes fundamental when conducting the structural assessment of a historical building. This study envisaged a cognitive phase via the application of advanced survey and diagnostic methodologies to define the materials, construction techniques, and state of conservation of the structural system of a specific building forming part of Florence’s heritage. The information complex produced formed the basis for the structural assessment and for the experimentation of the BIM methodology within the creation of databases for the management of cognitive processes of historical buildings. The case study is one of the gates of the last circle of walls of the 14th century and is the only one that has maintained its original height, despite modifications: the gate/tower of San Niccolò. The research conducted, in addition to achieving a structural assessment of the tower, has allowed the creation of a dynamic model for organizing and consulting the information, laying the groundwork for the creation of a conservation and maintenance plan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas)
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27 pages, 42016 KiB  
Article
Advancing Cultural Heritage Structures Conservation: Integrating BIM and Cloud-Based Solutions for Enhanced Management and Visualization
by Giovanni Castellazzi, Enrico Cardillo, Nicoló Lo Presti, Antonio Maria D’Altri, Stefano de Miranda, Gregorio Bertani, Francesca Ferretti and Claudio Mazzotti
Heritage 2023, 6(12), 7316-7342; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6120384 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3843
Abstract
Preserving and managing historical cultural heritage necessitates innovative approaches that harmonize technology with historical documentation. This paper presents a case study showcasing an adaptable online database tailored for the incorporation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) models and associated historical records. Notably, this approach [...] Read more.
Preserving and managing historical cultural heritage necessitates innovative approaches that harmonize technology with historical documentation. This paper presents a case study showcasing an adaptable online database tailored for the incorporation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) models and associated historical records. Notably, this approach offers distinctive integration with historical data, enabling users to contextualize heritage assets historically. The study delves into the database’s capabilities, focusing on its role in cultural heritage structure management. It explores interactive exploration, semantic querying, and attachment features, highlighting BIM’s potential in digital conservation, documentation, and archival efforts for historical structures. Additionally, the paper underscores the database’s significance as a valuable tool for education, research, and collaboration among heritage professionals and the public. While addressing specific modeling challenges, it emphasizes the importance of enhancing software solutions to elevate historical asset management. Historical BIM emerges as a powerful resource bridging the gap between historical structures’ conservation and modern technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas)
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16 pages, 7559 KiB  
Article
Insight on HBIM for Conservation of Cultural Heritage: The Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze
by Silvia Monchetti, Michele Betti, Claudio Borri, Claudia Gerola, Carlotta Matta and Barbara Francalanci
Heritage 2023, 6(11), 6949-6964; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6110363 - 25 Oct 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2805
Abstract
The application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) on historic constructions is investigated in this paper by discussing, as a representative case study, the Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze (Italy), thus showing as this tool can be used effectively for the management and maintenance activities [...] Read more.
The application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) on historic constructions is investigated in this paper by discussing, as a representative case study, the Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze (Italy), thus showing as this tool can be used effectively for the management and maintenance activities of a historic museum. In fact, while BIM is already well-known as a powerful tool for the design and management of new buildings, its development in the field of historical construction is currently growing and attracting increasing interest in the scientific community. This paper proposes, in particular, an Information Model (IM) aimed to collect the structural information to be subsequently employed for numerical modeling of the building, thus representing the link between the real world and the computational models. The possibility to handle different types of information to be used for the management, maintenance, and modeling of existing constructions, as shown in this paper, encourages the popularization of this approach as an effective method to support cultural heritage (CH) conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Heritage Management in Earthquake-Prone Areas)
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