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Energies
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Modelling of Combustion and Detonation of Hydrogen
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Modelling of Combustion and Detonation of Hydrogen

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 18422

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Andrzej Teodorczyk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ITC, Nowowiejska 21/25, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland
Interests: gas detonations; combustion in piston engines and gas turbines; modelling of combustion and detonation; internal combustion engines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Numerical modelling is currently one of the most advanced scientific and engineering tools and is still undergoing development. Combustion processes involving complex flows, turbulence, and chemical kinetics remain a challenge of using this approach. One interesting direction involves combining combustion modelling with the acoustics and dynamics of construction. Hydrogen fuel is systematically introduced in transportation and power generation as a safe and sustainable energy carrier. The introduction and commercialisation of hydrogen as an energy carrier of the future places great demands on all aspects related to its safe storage, distribution, and use. Technologies and applications allowing the use of hydrogen in combustors or fuel cells should provide at least the same level of safety, reliability, and comfort as today’s fossil energy carriers. These issues are the subject of numerous research efforts.

Prof. Dr. Andrzej Teodorczyk
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • hydrogen
  • combustion
  • detonation
  • modelling

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3758 KiB  
Article
Flame Stabilization and Blow-Off of Ultra-Lean H2-Air Premixed Flames
by Faizan Habib Vance, Yuriy Shoshin, Philip de Goey and Jeroen van Oijen
Energies 2021, 14(7), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071977 - 2 Apr 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2919
Abstract
The manner in which an ultra-lean hydrogen flame stabilizes and blows off is crucial for the understanding and design of safe and efficient combustion devices. In this study, we use experiments and numerical simulations for pure H2-air flames stabilized behind a [...] Read more.
The manner in which an ultra-lean hydrogen flame stabilizes and blows off is crucial for the understanding and design of safe and efficient combustion devices. In this study, we use experiments and numerical simulations for pure H2-air flames stabilized behind a cylindrical bluff body to reveal the underlying physics that make such flames stable and eventually blow-off. Results from CFD simulations are used to investigate the role of stretch and preferential diffusion after a qualitative validation with experiments. It is found that the flame displacement speed of flames stabilized beyond the lean flammability limit of a flat stretchless flame (ϕ=0.3) can be scaled with a relevant tubular flame displacement speed. This result is crucial as no scaling reference is available for such flames. We also confirm our previous hypothesis regarding lean limit blow-off for flames with a neck formation that such flames are quenched due to excessive local stretching. After extinction at the flame neck, flames with closed flame fronts are found to be stabilized inside a recirculation zone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Combustion and Detonation of Hydrogen)
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17 pages, 3897 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Hydrogen Auto-Ignition Process in an Isotropic and Anisotropic Turbulent Field
by Agnieszka Wawrzak and Artur Tyliszczak
Energies 2021, 14(7), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071869 - 28 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2241
Abstract
The physical mechanisms underlying the dynamics of the flame kernel in stationary isotropic and anisotropic turbulent field are studied using large eddy simulations (LES) combined with a pdf approach method for the combustion model closure. Special attention is given to the ignition scenario, [...] Read more.
The physical mechanisms underlying the dynamics of the flame kernel in stationary isotropic and anisotropic turbulent field are studied using large eddy simulations (LES) combined with a pdf approach method for the combustion model closure. Special attention is given to the ignition scenario, ignition delay, size and shape of the flame kernel among different turbulent regimes. Different stages of ignition are analysed for various levels of the initial velocity fluctuations and turbulence length scales. Impact of these parameters is found small for the ignition delay time but turns out to be significant during the flame kernel propagation phase and persists up to the stabilisation stage. In general, it is found that in the isotropic conditions, the flame growth and the rise of the maximum temperature in the domain are more dependent on the initial fluctuations level and the length scales. In the anisotropic regimes, these parameters have a substantial influence on the flame only during the initial phase of its development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Combustion and Detonation of Hydrogen)
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18 pages, 4107 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of the Combustion Dynamics of Passively Controlled Jets Issuing from Polygonal Nozzles
by Łukasz Kuban, Jakub Stempka and Artur Tyliszczak
Energies 2021, 14(3), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030554 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2093
Abstract
In the present work, the combustion of vitiated hydrogen jets issuing from differently shaped nozzles is modelled using the LES method. We investigate the impact of nozzle cross-sectional geometries (circular, square, triangular, hexagonal and hexagram) and the jet Reynolds numbers (Re= [...] Read more.
In the present work, the combustion of vitiated hydrogen jets issuing from differently shaped nozzles is modelled using the LES method. We investigate the impact of nozzle cross-sectional geometries (circular, square, triangular, hexagonal and hexagram) and the jet Reynolds numbers (Re= 18,000, 20,000 and 23,600) on the flame lift-off height, its structure, the locations of the temperature maxima and species distributions. The triangular nozzle yields the highest mixing rate and therefore the fastest decay of axial velocity and the fastest growth of the average temperature along the flame axis. It was found that for the largest Re, the zone of intense mixing and the reaction zone occur in distinct regions, while for the lower Re, these regions combine into an indistinguishable zone. Finally, it is shown that the lift-off height of the flames and the mean temperature field are non-linearly correlated with Re and strongly dependent on the nozzle shape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Combustion and Detonation of Hydrogen)
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19 pages, 5337 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulations of DDT Limits in Hydrogen-Air Mixtures in Obstacle Laden Channel
by Wojciech Rudy and Andrzej Teodorczyk
Energies 2021, 14(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010024 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3234
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to perform numerical simulations of deflagration to detonation transition process (DDT) in hydrogen–air mixtures and assess the capabilities of freeware open-source ddtFoam code to simulate and capture DDT limits. The numerical geometry was based on the [...] Read more.
The main aim of this study was to perform numerical simulations of deflagration to detonation transition process (DDT) in hydrogen–air mixtures and assess the capabilities of freeware open-source ddtFoam code to simulate and capture DDT limits. The numerical geometry was based on the real 0.08 × 0.11 × 4 m (H × W × L), rectangular cross-section detonation channel previously used to experimentally investigate DDT limits in obstacle-filled channel. The constant blockage ratio (BR) equal to 0.5 was kept for three obstacle spacing configurations: S = H, 2H, 3H. The results showed that hydrogen concentration limits for successful DDT from simulations are close to the experimental values, however, the simulated DDT limits range is wider than the experimental one and depends on the obstacles spacing. The numerical results were analyzed by means of propagation velocities, overpressures, and run-up distances. The best match between numerical and experimental DDT limits was observed for obstacles spacing L = 3H and the lowest match for spacing L = H. The comparison between experimental and numerical results points at the possible application of ddtFoam in geometry with a relatively low level of congestion. This work results proved that simulations in such geometry provide numerical flame acceleration velocity profiles, run-up distance, and recorded overpressures very close to experimentally measured. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Combustion and Detonation of Hydrogen)
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16 pages, 24097 KiB  
Article
Influence of Gaseous Hydrogen Addition on Initiation of Rotating Detonation in Liquid Fuel–Air Mixtures
by Jan Kindracki, Krzysztof Wacko, Przemysław Woźniak, Stanisław Siatkowski and Łukasz Mężyk
Energies 2020, 13(19), 5101; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195101 - 30 Sep 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3706
Abstract
Hydrogen is the most common molecule in the universe. It is an excellent fuel for thermal engines: piston, turbojet, rocket, and, going forward, in thermonuclear power plants. Hydrogen is currently used across a range of industrial applications including propulsion systems, e.g., cars and [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is the most common molecule in the universe. It is an excellent fuel for thermal engines: piston, turbojet, rocket, and, going forward, in thermonuclear power plants. Hydrogen is currently used across a range of industrial applications including propulsion systems, e.g., cars and rockets. One obstacle to expanding hydrogen use, especially in the transportation sector, is its low density. This paper explores hydrogen as an addition to liquid fuel in the detonation chamber to generate thermal energy for potential use in transportation and generation of electrical energy. Experiments with liquid kerosene, hexane, and ethanol with the addition of gaseous hydrogen were conducted in a modern rotating detonation chamber. Detonation combustion delivers greater thermal efficiency and reduced NOx emission. Since detonation propagates about three orders of magnitude faster than deflagration, the injection, evaporation, and mixing with air must be almost instantaneous. Hydrogen addition helps initiate the detonation process and sustain continuous work of the chamber. The presented work proves that the addition of gaseous hydrogen to a liquid fuel–air mixture is well suited to the rotating detonation process, making combustion more effective and environmentally friendly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Combustion and Detonation of Hydrogen)
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16 pages, 1031 KiB  
Article
Laminar Burning Velocity Model Based on Deep Neural Network for Hydrogen and Propane with Air
by Konrad Malik, Mateusz Żbikowski and Andrzej Teodorczyk
Energies 2020, 13(13), 3381; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133381 - 1 Jul 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3087
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop deep neural network models for laminar burning velocity (LBV) calculations. The present study resulted in models for hydrogen–air and propane–air mixtures. An original data-preparation/data-generation algorithm was also developed in order to obtain the datasets sufficient [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to develop deep neural network models for laminar burning velocity (LBV) calculations. The present study resulted in models for hydrogen–air and propane–air mixtures. An original data-preparation/data-generation algorithm was also developed in order to obtain the datasets sufficient in quality and quantity for models training. The discussion about the current analytical models highlighted issues with both experimental data and methodology of creating those analytical models. It was concluded that there is a need for models that can capture data from multiple experimental techniques with ease and automate the model design and training process. We presented a full machine learning based approach that fulfills these requirements. Not only model development, but also data preparation was described in detail as it is crucial in obtaining good results. Resulting models calculations were compared with popular analytical models and experimental data gathered from literature. The calculations comparison showed that the models developed were characterized by the smallest error with regards to the experiments and behaved equally well for variable pressure, temperature, and equivalence ratio. The source code of ready-to-use models has been provided and can be easily integrated in, for example, CFD software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Combustion and Detonation of Hydrogen)
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