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Latest Advances and Prospects of Hydrogen Safety
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Latest Advances and Prospects of Hydrogen Safety

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 January 2023) | Viewed by 10559

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chankyu Kang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Social Safety System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
Interests: chemical safety; process safety; safety; safety management; risk assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Seungho Jung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
Interests: hydrogen safety; risk assessment; modeling; optimization; CFD; consequence analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen has emerged as a sustainable energy carrier of the future because rising energy consumption and depletion of fossil fuels pose a risk to global energy and economic security, as well as release greenhouse gases and other pollutants that are a major contributor to global warming. Since hydrogen gas is recognized as a material with a very high risk of explosion, it is necessary to secure reliable safety control technology for hydrogen gas in order to enter an era where it can be used as a popular fuel like gasoline or natural gas.

The purpose of this special issue is to invite researchers (scholars, researchers, scholars) to present recent experiments, simulations and numerical studies in the field of hydrogen safety technology. Topics of interest in this special issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Hydrogen facility (on-site and off-site)
  • Risk assessment model for Hydrogen
  • Safety distance for hydrogen
  • Influence of hydrogen dispersion and jet fire
  • Hydrogen incidents
  • Special materials for Hydrogen safety
  • Reduction of hydrogen incidents
  • Jet fire, flash fire, dispersion, and explosions
  • Safety relief devices including TPRDs
  • Cryogenic hazards for LIH (Liquid Hydrogen)
  • Hydrogen explosion
  • Hydrogen & Fuel Cells (Transportation and Power)
  • Hydrogen Pipelines and Piping
  • Hydrogen Refuelling Stations for Urban Sites
  • Large-scale Underground Storage of Hydrogen

Dr. Chankyu Kang
Dr. Seungho Jung
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  •  hydrogen explosion
  •  hydrogen incidents
  •  hydrogen dispersion and jet fire
  •  hydrogen risk assessment
  •  protective system
  •  hydrogen hazard
  •  hydrogen safety materials

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5976 KiB  
Article
Risk Assessment of a Hydrogen Refueling Station in an Urban Area
by Jongbeom Kwak, Haktae Lee, Somin Park, Jaehyuk Park and Seungho Jung
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3963; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093963 - 8 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2229
Abstract
After the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015, many countries worldwide focused on the hydrogen economy, aiming for eco-friendly and renewable energy by moving away from the existing carbon economy, which has been the primary source of global warming. Hydrogen is the most [...] Read more.
After the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015, many countries worldwide focused on the hydrogen economy, aiming for eco-friendly and renewable energy by moving away from the existing carbon economy, which has been the primary source of global warming. Hydrogen is the most common element on Earth. As a light substance, hydrogen can diffuse quickly; however, it also has a small risk of explosion. Representative explosion accidents have included the Muskingum River Power Plant Vapor Cloud Explosion accident in 2007 and the Silver Eagle Refinery Vapor Cloud Explosion accident in 2009. In addition, there was an explosion in a hydrogen tank in Gangneung, Korea, in May 2019, and a hydrogen refueling station (HRS) in Norway exploded in 2018. Despite this risk, Korea is promoting the establishment of HRSs in major urban centers, including downtown areas and public buildings, by using the Regulatory Sandbox to install HRSs. This paper employed the Hydrogen Risk Assessment Model (HyRAM) of Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) program specialized in hydrogen energy for HRSs installed in major urban hubs. A feasibility evaluation of the site conditions of an HRS was conducted using the French land use planning method based on the results obtained through evaluation using the HyRAM and the overpressure results of PHAST 8.0. After a risk assessment, we confirmed that an HRS would be considered safe, even if it was installed in the city center within a radius of influence of jet fires and overpressure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Hydrogen Safety)
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18 pages, 12505 KiB  
Article
Study on the Explosion of the Hydrogen Fuel Tank of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles in Semi-Enclosed Spaces
by Jinouk Park, Yongho Yoo, Jioh Ryu and Hohyung Lee
Energies 2023, 16(1), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010241 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3962
Abstract
The rise in hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is expected to pose a variety of hazards on the road. Vehicles using hydrogen could cause significant damage, owing to hydrogen vapor cloud explosions, jet fires caused by leakage, or hydrogen tank explosions. This [...] Read more.
The rise in hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is expected to pose a variety of hazards on the road. Vehicles using hydrogen could cause significant damage, owing to hydrogen vapor cloud explosions, jet fires caused by leakage, or hydrogen tank explosions. This risk is expected to further increase in semi-enclosed spaces, such as underground parking lots and road tunnels. Therefore, it is necessary to study the fire safety of hydrogen vehicles in semi-enclosed spaces. In this study, an experiment on hydrogen tank explosion was performed. In addition, the CFD numerical model was verified using the experimental results, and the damaging effect due to pressure propagation during hydrogen tank explosions in underground parking lots and road tunnels was analyzed using numerical analysis. From the experiment results, the hydrogen tank exploded at about 80 Mpa, a maximum incident pressure is generated 267 kPa at a distance of 1.9 m. As a result of numerical analysis based on the experimental results, the limit distance that can cause serious injury due to the explosion of a hydrogen tank in a road tunnel or underground parking lot was analyzed up to about 20 m from the point of explosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Hydrogen Safety)
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15 pages, 10547 KiB  
Article
Tracer Gas Test and CFD Analysis of Semiconductor Gas Box for Flammable Gas Leakage
by Shin-eui Kim, Kwangho Lee, Chankyu Kang and Seungho Jung
Energies 2022, 15(21), 8166; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218166 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2075
Abstract
Semiconductor manufacturing is performed through unit processes that use various chemicals and facilities. In particular, flammable gases, such as H2, NH3, and CH4, are used, and there is a risk of explosion when such gases leak. In [...] Read more.
Semiconductor manufacturing is performed through unit processes that use various chemicals and facilities. In particular, flammable gases, such as H2, NH3, and CH4, are used, and there is a risk of explosion when such gases leak. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and a “tracer gas test” according to the SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International) S6 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guideline for Exhaust Ventilation of Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment specification were performed during the leakage of hydrogen, a highly flammable gas used in the etching process of a gas box in the semiconductor industry. The CFD simulation was conducted to investigate the safety of semiconductor production facilities in relation to the explosion risk. Flow analysis was performed for the interior of a gas box used in the etching process. A steady-state analysis was performed to predict the concentration range of the explosion limit in the case of continuous hydrogen gas leakage. The interior of the gas box used in the simulation was modeled, and the ventilation flow rate, which has a significant impact on the leakage gas concentration distribution, obtained from experiments was used. The lower flammability limit (LFL) value of the leaked gas was 4% based on H2, and LFL/4 (25% of the LFL) was analyzed as the explosion limit concentration according to the acceptance criteria of the SEMI S6 tracer gas test. To validate the CFD simulation, a tracer gas test was performed according to SEMI S6. A mixture of hydrogen (5%) and nitrogen (95%) was used as the tracer gas. The flow rate was controlled by a gas regulator valve and measured using an Aalborg mass flow meter. The measured concentration of the tracer gas was calculated using the equivalent release concentration, which was calculated when 100% of the hydrogen was released, and the risk was assessed by comparing it with the LFL/4 of H2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Hydrogen Safety)
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15 pages, 3667 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Effect of Hydrogen Gas Explosion in a Cylinder Cabinet for Semiconductors on the Protective Wall
by Mimi Min, Kwangho Lee and Seungho Jung
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7480; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207480 - 11 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1738
Abstract
In the semiconductor industry, hydrogen is used with many other hazardous and dangerous substances with flammable, toxic, and corrosive properties. In order to safely handle them, convenient-to-use gas cabinets are often required. As known well, hydrogen is highly flammable and explosive, and risk [...] Read more.
In the semiconductor industry, hydrogen is used with many other hazardous and dangerous substances with flammable, toxic, and corrosive properties. In order to safely handle them, convenient-to-use gas cabinets are often required. As known well, hydrogen is highly flammable and explosive, and risk analysis needs to safely use the gas in the cabinets. In this study, overpressure and impact according to various gas cabinet conditions were measured when hydrogen leaks in the gas cabinet, and the effect of overpressure on the protective wall was simulated. For the research, a demonstration experiment was conducted by custom manufacturing a gas cylinder cabinet identical to the standard used in the field, and the protection performance analysis was performed by reverse-engineering it through 3D scanning. As a result of the demonstration experiment, the maximum pressure at the time of hydrogen gas explosion in the gas cylinder cabinet was measured at 0.3 bar. After calculating the detonation pressure propagation profile using the TNT equivalence method, the protective performance of the protective wall was confirmed using AUTODYN. The maximum stress of the concrete and the maximum stress of the reinforcing bar due to the explosion in the gas cylinder cabinet were calculated to be 30.211 MPa and 112.88 MPa, respectively, which do not exceed the tensile strength of concrete and the yield strength of the reinforcing bar. This result is expected to be of great help to the development of the semiconductor industry by suggesting the rationale for mitigating the firewall when changing the semiconductor layout. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects of Hydrogen Safety)
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