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Stationary and Mobile Electric Energy Storage System as a Flexibility Option to Integrate Volatile Renewable Energy Sources

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 11611

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Pio Lombardi

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Guest Editor

Fraunhoer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
Interests: renewable energy sources; smart grids; flexibility options; electric vehicles; net-zero-energy systems; hybrid energy systems; demand response; micro grids

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The decarbonization of the power system will be one of the main global challenges in the coming years. Greater flexibility is needed to compensate the volatility of power generated by renewable energy sources. Electric energy storage systems (EESS), both stationary and mobile, and the active participation of power consumers might be one of the solutions to be considered for accelerating the decarbonization process. However, even if the EEES’ technology maturity has improved and their investment costs are decreased, there are still barriers limiting their application. The Special Issue aims at encouraging researchers to share their experience on planning and operating electric energy storage system pointing out the developed solutions for overcoming the found barriers.

Dr. Pio Lombardi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Electric energy storage systems
Renewable energy sources
Smart grid
Electric vehicles
Power to grid
Net-zero-energy systems
Demand response

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 6226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential of Using Medium Electric Vehicle Fleet in a Commercial Enterprise Transport in Germany on the Basis of Real-World GPS Data

by Robert Pietracho, Christoph Wenge, Stephan Balischewski, Pio Lombardi, Przemyslaw Komarnicki, Leszek Kasprzyk and Damian Burzyński

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5327; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175327 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2734

Abstract

The intensive electrification of the automotive sector means that the energy system must be able to adapt to the current market situation. The increase in energy demand is a major factor associated with electric vehicles. The study analyzed the operation of a grid-connected facility operating a vehicle fleet providing transport services in the region Halle/Saale, Germany. Measurement data were used in the analysis, including global positioning system data of the vehicles and technical data, including average fuel consumption on a given route section, daily load demand of the industrial facility, and energy generation from photovoltaics. This paper shows the impact of using a battery electric vehicles (BEVs) fleet in the load distribution for the industrial facility considered. The NEDC energy consumption profile for the Nissan e-NV200 were used in this study. Furthermore, the paper presented simulation results allowing one to determine the usage potential, energy demand, and consumption of EVs using real data, reliably representing the processes related to EV daily use. The measurement data were captured using available specialized equipment: Dako-Key (GPS data), PV power generation (Siemens 7KM PAC4200), and load (Janitza UMG 604-Pro) in September, 2018. On this basis, it is possible to identify the effects and variations in load on the power grid during the replacement of combustion vehicle fleets used currently by EVs for the provision of transport services. Three models were presented, making it possible to calculate changes in energy demand for each scenario. In the first model, EVs were charged exclusively from the distribution network. In the second, the energy generation from a renewable source was considered and the possibility of compensating the energy demand of the vehicles from this source was demonstrated. In the third model, the daily load profile and the period of maximum load in the electricity grid were considered. The results are presented in graphical and tabular form. Finally, the potential of using an EV fleet to increase the functionality of a modern industry object was determined and discussed. Based on data for the adopted scenarios, electrification of transport can increase demand for energy by 40.9% for individual enterprises. The electrification of the automotive sector will increase the instantaneous energy demand of businesses, forcing the integration of renewable energy sources during designing new invests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary and Mobile Electric Energy Storage System as a Flexibility Option to Integrate Volatile Renewable Energy Sources)

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26 pages, 4721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Tamara Schröter, André Richter, Jens Götze, André Naumann, Jenny Gronau and Martin Wolter

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6207; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236207 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2428

Abstract

The growth in volatile renewable energy (RE) generation is accompanied by an increasing network load and an increasing demand for storage units. Household storage systems and micro power plants, in particular, represent an uncertainty factor for distribution networks, as well as transmission networks. Due to missing data exchanges, transmission system operators cannot take into account the impact of household storage systems in their network load and generation forecasts. Thus, neglecting the increasing number of household storage systems leads to increasing forecast inaccuracies. To consider the impact of the storage systems on forecasting, this paper presents a new approach to calculate a substation-specific storage forecast, which includes both substation-specific RE generation and load forecasts. For the storage forecast, storage systems and micro power plants are assigned to substations. Based on their aggregated behavior, the impact on the forecasted RE generation and load is determined. The load and generation are forecasted by combining several optimization approaches to minimize the forecasting errors. The concept is validated using data from the German transmission system operator, 50 Hertz Transmission GmbH. This investigation demonstrates the significance of using a battery storage forecast with an integrated load and generation forecast. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary and Mobile Electric Energy Storage System as a Flexibility Option to Integrate Volatile Renewable Energy Sources)

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31 pages, 7807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of a PV-Wind Hybrid Power Supply Structure with Electrochemical Storage Intended for Supplying a Load with Known Characteristics

by Leszek Kasprzyk, Andrzej Tomczewski, Robert Pietracho, Agata Mielcarek, Zbigniew Nadolny, Krzysztof Tomczewski, Grzegorz Trzmiel and Juan Alemany

Energies 2020, 13(22), 6143; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226143 - 23 Nov 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2686

Abstract

An important aspect of the off-grid utilization of hybrid generation systems is the integration of energy storage facilities into their structures, which allows for improved power supply reliability. However, this results in a significant increase in the cost of such systems. Therefore, it is justified to use optimization resulting in the minimization of the selected economic indicator taking into account the most important technical constraints. For this reason, this work proposes an algorithm to optimize the structure of a hybrid off-grid power distribution system (with electrochemical energy storage), designed to supply a load with known daily energy demand. The authors recommend genetic algorithm utilization as well as a modified criterion for evaluating the quality of solutions based on the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) index. Several technical and economic analyses were presented, including unit costs, power distribution of the wind and solar sections, nominal battery capacity, SSSI index (System Self-Sufficiency Index), etc. The model of the system includes durability of the elements which have a significant impact on the periodic battery replacement. The tests were carried out for two types of loads and two types of electrochemical batteries (NMC—Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide; and PbO₂—Lead-Acid Battery), taking into account the forecast of an increased lifetime of NMC type batteries and decreasing their price within five years. The proposed synthesis method of photovoltaic-wind (PV-wind) hybrid off-line systems leads to limiting the energy capacity of electrochemical storages. Based on the analyses, the authors proposed recommended methods to improve (reduce) the value of the criterion index (LCOE) for PV-wind off-grid systems while maintaining the assumed level of power supply reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary and Mobile Electric Energy Storage System as a Flexibility Option to Integrate Volatile Renewable Energy Sources)

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18 pages, 6399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi Usage Applications of Li-Ion Battery Storage in a Large Photovoltaic Plant: A Practical Experience

by Christoph Wenge, Robert Pietracho, Stephan Balischewski, Bartlomiej Arendarski, Pio Lombardi, Przemyslaw Komarnicki and Leszek Kasprzyk

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4590; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184590 - 4 Sep 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2768

Abstract

The number of large energy storage units installed in the power system has increased over the last few years. This fact remains closely linked to the increase in the share of renewable energy in electricity generation. This is necessary to maintain the stability of the grid, which is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain due to the growing number of renewable energy sources (RES). Energy production from these sources is difficult to estimate, and possible unplanned shortages and surpluses in production are the cause of voltage and frequency fluctuations, which is an undesirable state. Consequently, the use of energy storage not only contributes to the regulation of grid operation but can also, under appropriate conditions, constitute an additional load if too much energy is generated by RES, or the source when the generation from RES is insufficient. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: A presentation of practical results achieved by implementing two optimal control strategies for a 1 MW (0.5 MWh) battery energy storage (BES) cooperating with a large 144 MW photovoltaic farm. In the first case, the BES was used to generate curtailment at photovoltaic farm to avoid power grid overload. The second case focuses on maximizing profits from selling the energy produced in periods when the unit price for energy was the highest according to energy market forecasts. In both cases, the storage was used simultaneously to cover the producer’s own demand, which eliminated the costs associated with the purchase of energy from the operator, especially during the night supply. A technical and economic evaluation was prepared for both cases, considering the real profits from the investment. The potential of using the BES to increase the functionality of photovoltaic energy sources was determined and discussed in the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stationary and Mobile Electric Energy Storage System as a Flexibility Option to Integrate Volatile Renewable Energy Sources)

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