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CO2 Emissions from Vehicles
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CO2 Emissions from Vehicles

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 18411

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Lejda

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Guest Editor
Department of Automotive Vehicles and Transport Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Aleja Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: transport; combustion engines; exhaust emission; vehicle testing; combustion analysis; electric vehicles; alternative fuels; hybrid vehicles; hydrogen vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Artur Jaworski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Interests: vehicle emissions; engine emissions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Maksymilian Mądziel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: emission; exhaust gases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The problem of greenhouse gas emissions is now the biggest challenge that must be solved as soon as possible. In particular, the emission of greenhouse gases from transport constitutes a significant share of global human anthropogonic emissions. Therefore, it is crucial to look for solutions that will allow us to reduce the emissions of these gases. One of the main gases emitted by fuel combustion in vehicles is CO2. This Special Issue aims to encourage scientists to look for solutions from a wider perspective, both locally and globally. We welcome engine solutions, after-treatment systems, as well as concepts that have a chance to be implemented and contribute to environmental protection. Publication submissions can be in the form of original research articles or comprehensive reviews (e.g., legislative) on topics consistent with the aim and scope of the Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Lejda
Dr. Artur Jaworski
Dr. Maksymilian Mądziel
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • transport
  • CO2 emission
  • emission modeling
  • fuel consumption
  • exhaust emission
  • global warming
  • greenhouse gases
  • combustion engines
  • electromobility
  • hybrid and electric vehicles
  • fuel cell vehicles

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4997 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ethanol Added to Diesel Fuel on the Range of Fuel Spray
by Artur Krzemiński and Adam Ustrzycki
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041768 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1938
Abstract
The constantly growing number of vehicles sold and operated has resulted in greater contribution of automobiles to global pollution. One way to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and toxic compounds, including the particulates and nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained [...] Read more.
The constantly growing number of vehicles sold and operated has resulted in greater contribution of automobiles to global pollution. One way to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and toxic compounds, including the particulates and nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained in exhaust gases, is to use alternative fuels. Within this group of fuels, those of plant origin, mainly alcohols, are attracting more and more attention because of their high oxygen content (around 35%), low viscosity, and good atomisation. However, alternative fuels have different physicochemical properties than diesel fuel, and these may affect the formation of the fuel spray, which, in turn, impacts the operation of the internal combustion engine, operating parameters, and the purity of the exhaust gases emitted into the environment. To make sure this type of fuel can be used in compression ignition engines, it is necessary to gain a thorough understanding of the phenomena and relationships occurring during fuel injection. The study investigated the effect of ethanol added to diesel fuel on the range of fuel spray. Firstly, the kinematic viscosity was determined for diesel fuel, and for diesel–ethanol blends with varying proportional contents of ethanol, up to 30% v/v. The viscosity test was carried out at 40 °C in compliance with the normative requirements. At the next stage, the range of the spray tip was measured for the same fuels in which kinematic viscosity was assessed. A visualisation chamber and a high-speed camera were applied for this purpose. The test was carried out under reproducible conditions, in line with the test methodology used to determine the range of fuel spray. The analyses assessed the effect of ethanol addition on kinematic viscosity and the range of fuel spray. The findings show that the increase in ethanol content corresponds to a decrease in kinematic viscosity by about 4% on average. The results were inconclusive for the lowest injection pressure tested (75 MPa), since some of the mixtures investigated were found with a lower spray range, compared to diesel fuel with no ethanol added. The greatest increase in the spray range (by approximately 39%) was found in the fuel with 30% content of ethanol at an injection pressure of 125 MPa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles)
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23 pages, 4928 KiB  
Article
Considerations for Achieving Equivalence between Hub- and Roller-Type Dynamometers for Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
by Christian Engström, Per Öberg, Georgios Fontaras and Barouch Giechaskiel
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7541; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207541 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1854
Abstract
Emissions from vehicles can be measured on the road or in laboratories using dynamometers that simulate the forces that a vehicle is subject to while driving on the road. In the light-duty vehicle regulations, only roller-type dynamometers are allowed. For hub-type dynamometers, due [...] Read more.
Emissions from vehicles can be measured on the road or in laboratories using dynamometers that simulate the forces that a vehicle is subject to while driving on the road. In the light-duty vehicle regulations, only roller-type dynamometers are allowed. For hub-type dynamometers, due to the direct connection of the dynamometers to the wheel hubs, additional parameters that are used are rotational mass, dynamic wheel radius, and the tire force–slip relationship. Following up on an experimental study which showed that equivalent emission results can be achieved between roller- and hub-type dynamometers, this work presents and evaluates methods to determine parameters used by a hub-type dynamometer for mimicking roller-type dynamometer behavior. It also discusses methods to determine the parameters to simulate specific road conditions or when using only a hub-type dynamometer. The results show that using a constant dynamic radius for each wheel and a linear tire force–slip relationship is sufficient for emission measurement because typical errors in these parameters are practically negligible. A typical error in rotational mass results in a minor error in the determined forces during coast down, but the typical accuracy of this parameter is in parity with the difference allowed in the regulation. The final conclusion is that using the information already stated in the certificate of conformity (CoC) of the vehicle (for the coast down), and reasonably set parameters for wheel dynamic radius and the tire slip–force relationship, hub-type dynamometers should yield equivalent results to roller-type dynamometers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles)
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23 pages, 2377 KiB  
Article
The Integration of Traditional Transportation Infrastructure and Informatization Development: How Does It Affect Carbon Emissions?
by Nian Wang and Yingming Zhu
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7535; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207535 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
With the advent of the “Information Era”, the development of an integrated infrastructure, which involves the integration of traditional transportation infrastructure and informatization development, has become a new impetus for economic growth. Meanwhile, its environmental performance remains uncovered. Using data from 30 Chinese [...] Read more.
With the advent of the “Information Era”, the development of an integrated infrastructure, which involves the integration of traditional transportation infrastructure and informatization development, has become a new impetus for economic growth. Meanwhile, its environmental performance remains uncovered. Using data from 30 Chinese provinces between 2013 and 2020, this study designed an index system and constructed the coupling coordination degree model to assess the development level of integrated infrastructure. The regression model was established to examine the nonlinear effect of the integrated infrastructure on carbon emissions. The influencing mechanism was also discussed through identifying the impacts of integrated infrastructure on the energy intensity, industrial structure, and technological innovation. The evaluation of the evolutionary trend showed that the level of integrated infrastructure continues to improve and displays a feature of “higher highs, lower lows”, although the regional disparity was significant. The regression analysis showed that there was an inverted U–shaped relationship between integrated infrastructure and CO2 emissions. It is also found that most provinces were below the turning point. In the mechanism analysis section, we can demonstrate that integrated infrastructure can enhance energy intensity, which might hamper reductions in emissions. However, an integrated infrastructure facilitates the development of tertiary industry, which can lead to lower carbon emissions. Based on the conclusions, some insightful policy implications are provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles)
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19 pages, 1040 KiB  
Article
Research on Carbon Emission Efficiency Measurement and Regional Difference Evaluation of China’s Regional Transportation Industry
by Guoyin Xu, Tong Zhao and Rong Wang
Energies 2022, 15(18), 6502; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186502 - 6 Sep 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1910
Abstract
From a global perspective, carbon emissions are a global problem that needs to be solved urgently. At present, 61% of countries have committed to achieving net zero emissions. Compared with industry and construction, the transportation sector has become the focus and challenge for [...] Read more.
From a global perspective, carbon emissions are a global problem that needs to be solved urgently. At present, 61% of countries have committed to achieving net zero emissions. Compared with industry and construction, the transportation sector has become the focus and challenge for countries to achieve carbon neutrality due to the characteristics of strong mobility, scattered emission sources, and complex social behaviors. Therefore, the issue of carbon emissions in the transportation industry has become the focus of academic attention. This paper first calculates the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) of the regional transportation industry through the super-efficiency SBM model and then evaluates its regional differentiation characteristics through the Theil index, which has important practical significance for reducing regional carbon emissions. The results show that the national transportation CEE average value is 0.612, a relatively low level. The spatial distribution of China’s transportation CEE shows an obvious characteristic of “east highest and west lowest”. The regional differences in the transportation industry CEE are larger than those between regions. The differences in the transportation industry CEE among the eastern, central, and western regions are on the downward trend as a whole, and intra-regional differences are greater than inter-regional. The intra-regional differences cause the overall differences in transportation industry CEE; the eastern region contributed the most to the Theil index, while the central contributed the least. The biggest factor affecting the transportation industry CEE is the regional energy structure, and the smallest factor is the per capita GDP. This research has important reference significance on the target of carbon neutrality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles)
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13 pages, 3864 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Effect of Chassis Dynamometer Load Setting on CO2 Emissions and Energy Demand of a Full Hybrid Vehicle
by Artur Jaworski, Maksymilian Mądziel, Krzysztof Lew, Tiziana Campisi, Paweł Woś, Hubert Kuszewski, Paweł Wojewoda, Adam Ustrzycki, Krzysztof Balawender and Mirosław Jakubowski
Energies 2022, 15(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010122 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3449
Abstract
Among the solutions that make it possible to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector, particularly in urban traffic conditions, are hybrid vehicles. The share of driving performed in electric mode for hybrid vehicles is highly dependent on motion resistance. There are [...] Read more.
Among the solutions that make it possible to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector, particularly in urban traffic conditions, are hybrid vehicles. The share of driving performed in electric mode for hybrid vehicles is highly dependent on motion resistance. There are different methods for determining the motion resistance function during chassis dynamometer testing, leading to different test results. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the effect of the chassis dynamometer load function on the energy demand and CO2 emissions of a full-hybrid passenger car. Emissions tests according to the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) were carried out on a chassis dynamometer for three different methods of determining the car’s resistance to motion. The study showed that adopting the motion resistance function according to different methods, results in differences in CO2 emissions up to about 35% for the entire cycle. Therefore, the authors suggest that in the case of tests carried out with chassis dynamometers, it is necessary to also provide information on the chassis dynamometer loading function adopted for the tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles)
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19 pages, 5158 KiB  
Article
Data Driven Approaches for Sustainable Development of E-Mobility in Urban Areas
by Marialisa Nigro, Marina Ferrara, Rosita De Vincentis, Carlo Liberto and Gaetano Valenti
Energies 2021, 14(13), 3949; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133949 - 1 Jul 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4262
Abstract
This study focuses on a modeling framework to support mobility planners and energy providers in the sustainable development of electric mobility in urban areas. Specifically, models are provided to simulate measures for the optimal management of energy demand and thoughtful planning of charging [...] Read more.
This study focuses on a modeling framework to support mobility planners and energy providers in the sustainable development of electric mobility in urban areas. Specifically, models are provided to simulate measures for the optimal management of energy demand and thoughtful planning of charging infrastructures in order to avoid congestion on the power grid. The measures, and consequently the models, are classified according to short-term initiatives based on multimodality between electric vehicles and public transport (Park and Ride), as well as medium to long-term initiatives based on the development of an energy-oriented land use of the city. All the models are data-driven, and different sets of floating car data available for the city of Rome (Italy) have been exploited for this aim. The models are currently being implemented in an agent-based simulator for electric urban mobility adopted by the National Agency for Energy and Environment in Italy (ENEA). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 Emissions from Vehicles)
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