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Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging
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Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 4 June 2025 | Viewed by 4061

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Natascia Andrenacci

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ENEA—Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
Interests: sustainable mobility; electric mobility; charging infrastructures; smart charging; EV batteries; battery ageing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Finding solutions that optimize the management of energy demand from electric vehicles and alternative methods of power generation are two strategies that contribute to the overall success of the energy transition. With this goal in mind, this Special Issue aims to analyze approaches for the smart charging of electric vehicles that can be optimized for better results. The focus is on using renewable energy, reducing peak electricity demand, and maintaining the quality of energy while meeting the needs of electric vehicle drivers. We are also interested in work that considers fuel cell electric cars.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • Smart management of private and public charging demand;
  • Integration with renewable sources and storage management: potential, critical issues, enabling technologies, and grid integration;
  • Analysis of the bidirectional functionalities of vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home;
  • Smart charging for power regulation, grid stability, power quality, and reliability;
  • Local energy market and neighborhood management for district infrastructure.

Dr. Natascia Andrenacci
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smart charge management
  • charging infrastructures
  • electric vehicles
  • renewable sources
  • energy storage
  • smart grid

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1815 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Optical Wireless Power Transmission Infrastructure Configuration for EVs
by Mahiro Kawakami and Tomoyuki Miyamoto
Energies 2025, 18(9), 2264; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092264 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more widespread as we move toward a carbon-free society. However, challenges remain, such as the need for large batteries, the inconvenience of charging, and limited driving range. Dynamic optical wireless power transmission (D-OWPT) is considered a promising solution [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more widespread as we move toward a carbon-free society. However, challenges remain, such as the need for large batteries, the inconvenience of charging, and limited driving range. Dynamic optical wireless power transmission (D-OWPT) is considered a promising solution to these problems. This paper investigates the infrastructure configuration and feasibility of D-OWPT. To this end, a model of EV power consumption was created, and a simulator for D-OWPT was developed. Using this simulator, it was shown that placing light sources in low-speed sections is an effective method, and that continuous driving can be achieved by providing a light source with an output of about 20 kW, assuming a 50% of light irradiation section ratio. Since many of the conditions used in the analysis are achievable with existing technologies, these results demonstrate the high feasibility of D-OWPT. While the analysis presented in this study is based on simulation, the modeling parameters, including EV power consumption and OWPT system characteristics, are derived from actual vehicle specifications and experimental data reported in OWPT research. Although this study does not include physical implementation, the results present numerically validated conditions that are directly applicable to practical system design. This work is intended to serve as a theoretical foundation for the future development and prototyping of D-OWPT infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging)
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23 pages, 2869 KiB  
Article
The Dynamics of the California Electric Grid Mix and Electric Vehicle Emission Factors
by Xingrui Zhang, Elliot Martin and Susan Shaheen
Energies 2025, 18(4), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040895 - 13 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 628
Abstract
Electric vehicle (EV) emissions occur when a vehicle is charged and are based on the mix of power sources used during that period. The rapid growth of solar and wind energy has introduced a high degree of variability in the emissions of the [...] Read more.
Electric vehicle (EV) emissions occur when a vehicle is charged and are based on the mix of power sources used during that period. The rapid growth of solar and wind energy has introduced a high degree of variability in the emissions of the grid for both diurnal and annual periodicities. Growth in solar energy has been particularly prominent in California. Using grid mix data spanning April 2018 to April 2023 from the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) and power source emission factors, we evaluate the grid mix at 5 min intervals and estimate the emission factors based on the mix of power sources, the transmission losses, and the AC/DC conversion. We compare the emission factors derived from this analysis to other static factors that can be used for estimating EV emissions. We find that, when using Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) emission factors, the average emissions rate was 301 g CO2-e per kWh over five years. However, depending on the time of year, the maximum hourly grid emission factors in California can be between 50% and 300% higher than the minimum factors. This difference suggests that the accurate measurement of emissions from electric vehicles would be improved with better data characterizing energy by the time of day and year in which the vehicle was charged. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging)
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32 pages, 12626 KiB  
Article
Strategies for Workplace EV Charging Management
by Natascia Andrenacci, Antonino Genovese and Giancarlo Giuli
Energies 2025, 18(2), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020421 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1056
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) help reduce transportation emissions. A user-friendly charging infrastructure and efficient charging processes can promote their wider adoption. Low-power charging is effective for short-distance travel, especially when vehicles are parked for extended periods, like during daily commutes. These idle times present [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) help reduce transportation emissions. A user-friendly charging infrastructure and efficient charging processes can promote their wider adoption. Low-power charging is effective for short-distance travel, especially when vehicles are parked for extended periods, like during daily commutes. These idle times present opportunities to improve coordination between EVs and service providers to meet charging needs. The present study examines strategies for coordinated charging in workplace parking lots to minimize the impact on the power grid while maximizing the satisfaction of charging demand. Our method utilizes a heuristic approach for EV charging, focusing on event logic that considers arrival and departure times and energy requirements. We compare various charging management methods in a workplace parking lot against a first-in-first-out (FIFO) strategy. Using real data on workplace parking lot usage, the study found that efficient electric vehicle charging in a parking lot can be achieved either through optimized scheduling with a single high-power charger, requiring user cooperation, or by installing multiple chargers with alternating sockets. Compared to FIFO charging, the implemented strategies allow for a reduction in the maximum charging power between 30 and 40%, a charging demand satisfaction rate of 99%, and a minimum SOC amount of 83%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging)
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26 pages, 2782 KiB  
Article
A Techno-Economic Assessment of DC Fast-Charging Stations with Storage, Renewable Resources and Low-Power Grid Connection
by Gurpreet Singh, Matilde D’Arpino and Terence Goveas
Energies 2024, 17(16), 4012; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164012 - 13 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1542
Abstract
The growing demand for high-power DC fast-charging (DCFC) stations for electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to lead to increased peak power demand and a reduction in grid power quality. To maximize the economic benefits and station utilization under practical constraints set by regulatory [...] Read more.
The growing demand for high-power DC fast-charging (DCFC) stations for electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to lead to increased peak power demand and a reduction in grid power quality. To maximize the economic benefits and station utilization under practical constraints set by regulatory authorities, utilities and DCFC station operators, this study explores and provides methods for connecting DCFC stations to the grid, employing low-power interconnection rules and distributed energy resources (DERs). The system uses automotive second-life batteries (SLBs) and photovoltaic (PV) systems as energy buffer and local energy resources to support EV charging and improve the station techno-economic feasibility through load shifting and charge sustaining. The optimal sizing of the DERs and the selection of the grid interconnection topology is achieved by means of a design space exploration (DSE) and exhaustive search approach to maximize the economic benefits of the charging station and to mitigate high-power demand to the grid. Without losing generality, this study considers a 150 kW DCFC station with a range of DER sizes, grid interconnection specifications and related electricity tariffs of American Electric Power (AEP) Ohio and the Public Utility Commission of Ohio (PUCO). Various realistic scenarios and strategies are defined to account for the interconnection requirements of the grid to the DCFC with DERs. The system’s techno-economic performance over a ten-year period for different scenarios is analyzed and compared using a multitude of metrics. The results of the analysis show that the the integration of DERs in DCFC stations has a positive impact on the economic value of the investment when compared to traditional installations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging)
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