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Dielectric Insulation in Medium- and High-Voltage Power Equipment—Degradation and Failure Mechanism, Diagnostics, and Electrical Parameters Improvement: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F6: High Voltage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 3374

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Norbert Kołtunowicz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Devices and High Voltage Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 38A Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Interests: diagnostics of power transformers; insulation condition diagnostics; failure prevention; environmental pollution; nanocomposite materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor is inviting submissions to the Volume 2 of a Special Issue of Energies journal on the subject area of "Dielectric Insulation in Medium- and High-Voltage Power Equipment—Degradation and Failure Mechanism, Diagnostics, and Electrical Parameters Improvement 2nd edition".

This Special Issue will focus on the detection of degradation and failure mechanisms of dielectric insulation in medium- and high-voltage power equipment. Diagnostic investigations will help to eliminate damage to the insulation components of power equipment. This can effectively reduce and even eliminate catastrophic failures and avoid accompanying environmental pollution. The Special Issue will also deal with metering and the use of sensors and other solutions for continuously monitoring the condition of the components of power equipment.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Determination of degradation and failure mechanisms of dielectric insulation.
  • Diagnostics and monitoring of insulating components of power equipment, including the condition of solid, liquid (oil), and gas insulation.
  • Modern diagnostic methods, including the FDS method, the PDC method, the RVM method, the SFRA method, partial discharge measurements and localization of their places of occurrence, and vibro-acoustic and acoustic measurements.
  • Development and implementation of new diagnostic methods.
  • Improvement of electrical parameters of power equipment.

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Norbert Kołtunowicz
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • medium- and high-voltage power equipment
  • diagnostics of power equipment
  • degradation and failure mechanisms
  • diagnostics
  • insulation condition diagnostics
  • new diagnostic methods
  • electrical parameter improvements
  • failure prevention
  • environmental pollution

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 7064 KiB  
Article
Localization and Diagnosis of Short-Circuit Faults in Transformer Windings Injected by Damped Oscillatory Wave
by Chengbo Hu, Xueqiong Zhu, Yongling Lu, Ziquan Liu, Zhen Wang, Zhengyu Liu and Kangyong Yin
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6259; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246259 - 11 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 650
Abstract
Power transformers, as critical components in regional power distribution and transmission systems, require early fault detection to ensure system reliability. This paper presents a scalable design capable of rapidly simulating winding faults in experimental transformers. By diagnosing three-phase transformer winding short-circuit faults using [...] Read more.
Power transformers, as critical components in regional power distribution and transmission systems, require early fault detection to ensure system reliability. This paper presents a scalable design capable of rapidly simulating winding faults in experimental transformers. By diagnosing three-phase transformer winding short-circuit faults using oscillatory shock voltages and numerical statistical methods, the relationship between the transfer function and winding short-circuit faults is investigated. The experimental results show that winding short-circuit faults cause significant changes in the transfer function curve. By analyzing transfer function variations across different phases, the location of a fault can be effectively determined. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient and absolute logarithmic deviation provide a clear indication of the fault severity. The transfer function of the high-voltage phase-to-phase is particularly sensitive to winding short-circuit faults. In non-fault phases, after the application of damped oscillatory waves, the transfer function correlation coefficient becomes negative and the absolute logarithmic deviation increases linearly with fault severity. These findings provide a rapid diagnostic solution for determining both the faulty phase and the severity of damage in three-phase transformer winding short-circuit faults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dielectric Insulation in Medium- and High-Voltage Power Equipment—Degradation and Failure Mechanism, Diagnostics, and Electrical Parameters Improvement: 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 3821 KiB  
Article
Research on the Influence of Moisture in the Solid Insulation Impregnated with an Innovative Bio-Oil on AC Conductivity Used in the Power Transformers
by Pawel Zukowski, Konrad Kierczynski, Przemyslaw Rogalski, Pawel Okal, Marek Zenker, Rafal Pajak, Marek Szrot, Pawel Molenda and Tomasz N. Koltunowicz
Energies 2024, 17(20), 5164; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205164 - 17 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 750
Abstract
The study determines the frequency–temperature dependence of the conductivity of a moist solid insulation component of power transformers, impregnated with the innovative bio-oil NYTRO® BIO 300X, manufactured from plant-based raw materials. The research was conducted for six moisture levels ranging from 0.6% [...] Read more.
The study determines the frequency–temperature dependence of the conductivity of a moist solid insulation component of power transformers, impregnated with the innovative bio-oil NYTRO® BIO 300X, manufactured from plant-based raw materials. The research was conducted for six moisture levels ranging from 0.6% to 5% by weight, within a frequency range from 10−4 Hz to 5 · 103 Hz and measurement temperatures from 20 °C to 70 °C, with a 10 °C step. The conduction model for both DC and AC, based on the quantum mechanical phenomenon of electron tunneling between water nanodroplets, was used to analyze the obtained results. It was determined that the frequency dependence of the conductivity of pressboard-bio-oil-moisture composites is influenced by two factors as follows: the activation energy of conductivity and the activation energy of relaxation time. For each moisture content, 16 values of the activation energy of the relaxation time and 16 values of the activation energy of conductivity were determined. It was found that the values of activation energy of conductivity and relaxation time are equal and independent of moisture content, frequency, and temperature. Based on 192 residual activation energy values, the mean generalized activation energy value for the relaxation time and conductivity was calculated with high precision, resulting in ΔE ≈ (1.02627 ± 0.01606) eV. The uncertainty of its determination was only ±1.6%. This indicates that electron tunneling from the first nanodroplet to the second, causing AC conductivity, and their return from the second nanodroplet to the first, determining the relaxation time, occur between the same energy states belonging to the water nanodroplets located in the pressboard impregnated with bio-oil. For each moisture content, the curves obtained for different measurement temperatures were recalculated to a reference temperature of 20 °C using the generalized activation energy. It was found that the shifted curves obtained for different temperatures perfectly overlap. Increased moisture content shifts the recalculated curves toward higher conductivity values. It was established that for all moisture contents in the lowest frequency range, conductivity is constant (DC conductivity). A further increase in frequency causes a rapid rise in conductivity. The increasing period can be divided into two stages. The first stage occurs up to about 100 Hz–101 Hz, depending on the moisture content. In the second stage, the rate of conductivity increase is higher, and its value depends on moisture content. The lower the moisture content, the faster the conductivity increases. Recalculation using the generalized activation energy eliminated the effect of temperature on the curves. It was found that the shapes of the recalculated curves and their position relative to the coordinates depend only on the moisture content in the composite. The equality of the activation energy of the relaxation time and conductivity established in the study, as well as their independence from frequency and moisture content in the pressboard impregnated with NYTRO® BIO 300X bio-oil, allows for recalculating the curves of electrical parameters determined at any operating temperatures of the transformer to a reference temperature, for example, 20 °C. Comparing the curve obtained for the transformer, recalculated to the reference temperature, with reference curves determined by us in the laboratory for different moisture contents, will allow for the precise determination of the moisture content of the solid insulation component impregnated with NYTRO® BIO 300X bio-oil. This will contribute to the early detection of approaching critical moisture content, threatening catastrophic transformer failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dielectric Insulation in Medium- and High-Voltage Power Equipment—Degradation and Failure Mechanism, Diagnostics, and Electrical Parameters Improvement: 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 1698 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Effects of Partial Discharge Echo in Various High-Voltage Insulation Systems
by Marek Florkowski
Energies 2024, 17(20), 5114; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205114 - 15 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1266
Abstract
In this article, an extension of a conventional partial discharge (PD) approach called partial discharge echo (PDE), which is applied to different classes of electrical insulation systems of power devices, is presented. Currently, high-voltage (HV) electrical insulation is attributed not only to transmission [...] Read more.
In this article, an extension of a conventional partial discharge (PD) approach called partial discharge echo (PDE), which is applied to different classes of electrical insulation systems of power devices, is presented. Currently, high-voltage (HV) electrical insulation is attributed not only to transmission and distribution grids but also to the industrial environment and emerging segments such as transportation electrification, i.e., electric vehicles, more-electric aircraft, and propulsion in maritime vehicles. This novel PDE methodology extends the conventional and established PD-based assessment, which is perceived to be one of the crucial indicators of HV electrical insulation integrity. PD echo may provide additional insight into the surface conditions and charge transport phenomena in a non-invasive way. It offers new diagnostic attributes that expand the evaluation of insulation conditions that are not possible by conventional PD measurements. The effects of partial discharge echo in various segments of insulation systems (such as cross-linked polyethylene [XLPE] power cable sections that contain defects and a twisted-pair helical coil that represents motor-winding insulation) are shown in this paper. The aim is to demonstrate the echo response on representative electrical insulating materials; for example, polyethylene, insulating paper, and Nomex. Comparisons of the PD echo decay times among various insulation systems are depicted, reflecting dielectric surface phenomena. The presented approach offers extended quantitative assessments of the conditions of HV electrical insulation, including its detection, measurement methodology, and interpretation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dielectric Insulation in Medium- and High-Voltage Power Equipment—Degradation and Failure Mechanism, Diagnostics, and Electrical Parameters Improvement: 2nd Edition)
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Review

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23 pages, 2411 KiB  
Review
Review of Explosion Mechanism and Explosion-Proof Measures for High-Voltage Cable Intermediate Joints
by Wei Qiu, Chen Li, Nianqiao Chen, Yuhua Huang, Zhibin Jiang, Jiangjing Cui, Peifeng Wang and Gang Liu
Energies 2025, 18(6), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061552 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 355
Abstract
The intermediate joint of high-voltage cables, as a critical component in the power transmission system, plays a direct role in the stable operation of the entire electrical system. In recent years, frequent explosions of intermediate joints in high-voltage cables have led to significant [...] Read more.
The intermediate joint of high-voltage cables, as a critical component in the power transmission system, plays a direct role in the stable operation of the entire electrical system. In recent years, frequent explosions of intermediate joints in high-voltage cables have led to significant economic losses and safety risks. Therefore, studying the explosion mechanisms and explosion prevention measures of high-voltage cable intermediate joints is particularly important. This article provides a systematic review of the explosion mechanisms and explosion prevention measures for high-voltage cable intermediate joints. It begins by introducing the composition of cable systems and the structural features of the 220 kV prefabricated cable joint. Next, the article elaborates on the spatiotemporal evolution process of cable joint explosions. Typically, a cable joint explosion undergoes several stages: partial discharge, arc breakdown, and insulation material decomposition, which ultimately leads to explosion and ignition. Subsequently, the article reviews each of these dynamic stages in detail. Finally, the article discusses the existing explosion prevention measures and their shortcomings, and proposes future directions for the development of explosion prevention measures. This article can provide a theoretical foundation and technical reference for the research on the explosion mechanisms of high-voltage cable joints, as well as for the development of explosion prevention measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dielectric Insulation in Medium- and High-Voltage Power Equipment—Degradation and Failure Mechanism, Diagnostics, and Electrical Parameters Improvement: 2nd Edition)
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