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Planning, Operation and Management of Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 1160

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Laboratory of Energy Production Technology from Non-Conventional Sources, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-67100 Xanthi, Greece
Interests: renewable energy sources (RESs); renewable energy storage systems; hydrogen production and storage technologies; technologies for the use of hydrogen for the production of electricity; control and automation of hybrid power supply systems
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The rapid deployment of photovoltaic generation, battery energy storage systems and distributed energy resources is transforming the structure and operation of modern power systems. Microgrids—both grid-connected and fully islanded—have emerged as a key paradigm for integrating high shares of renewable energy, enhancing reliability, and enabling local energy autonomy. Beyond individual installations, increasing attention is being devoted to coordinated multi-microgrid systems and energy communities, where multiple microgrids interact through shared electrical infrastructures.

A central challenge in these systems is the effective coordination of storage, renewable generation and backup resources under technical, economic and reliability constraints. In this context, the state of energy (SoE) of battery systems has gained importance as a physically meaningful indicator that links short-term operational decisions with long-term planning objectives. Unlike market-based, optimization-heavy or agent-based approaches, SoE-driven frameworks enable transparent, rule-based coordination that is applicable to both grid-connected and islanded microgrids, as well as to clusters of multiple interacting systems.

This Special Issue aims to collect high-quality research contributions that advance SoE-based planning, control and coordination frameworks for microgrids and multi-microgrid systems operating in grid-connected, weakly supported, or fully islanded conditions. Emphasis is placed on approaches that explicitly link operational logic to reliability, techno-economic performance and system design, using interpretable models, real-world data and reproducible methodologies.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • State-of-energy-based planning and operation of grid-connected and islanded microgrids;
  • Coordination and energy sharing in multi-microgrid and cluster configurations;
  • Reliability-oriented microgrid sizing and adequacy assessment (e.g., LPSP-based methods);
  • New performance indicators for microgrid planning and operation based on SoE or storage utilization;
  • PV–battery–diesel and hybrid microgrid architectures under reliability constraints;
  • Comparison of SoE-driven approaches with optimization-based, market-based or agent-based methods;
  • Data-driven microgrid studies using real demand and renewable resource measurements;
  • Extensions from two-microgrid systems to large-scale N-microgrid configurations;
  • Planning–control interactions and the role of SoE in bridging long-term design and real-time operation.

The Special Issue welcomes original research articles, comprehensive reviews and case studies that contribute to a deeper understanding of how state-of-energy-centric methodologies can support robust, scalable and transparent microgrid and multi-microgrid solutions.

Dr. Costas Elmasides
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • state-of-energy-based control
  • microgrid planning and operation
  • battery storage coordination
  • multi-microgrid coordination
  • reliability-oriented design
  • energy sharing mechanisms
  • interpretable energy management
  • planning–operation interactions

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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27 pages, 5166 KB  
Article
Reliability-Oriented Distribution System Reinforcement Planning with Renewable Resources Considering Network Restoration and Intentional Islanding
by Majed A. Alotaibi
Energies 2026, 19(6), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061581 - 23 Mar 2026
Viewed by 360
Abstract
Reliability of service is a key factor in evaluating service providers in a deregulated power market. This places significant pressure on planners to explore various alternatives and assess each option from both technical and economic viewpoints. This study presents a multistage, value-oriented reinforcement [...] Read more.
Reliability of service is a key factor in evaluating service providers in a deregulated power market. This places significant pressure on planners to explore various alternatives and assess each option from both technical and economic viewpoints. This study presents a multistage, value-oriented reinforcement planning framework for improving the reliability performance of distribution systems while ensuring compliance with regulatory reliability thresholds. The proposed framework determines the optimal placement of normally open switches tie lines and identifies required capacity upgrades for feeders and substations. System operation under contingency conditions is modeled through two coordinated decision layers, namely network restoration and intentional islanded operation. A probabilistic analytical reliability assessment approach is developed to evaluate system performance under these operating modes, explicitly accounting for variability in load demand, renewable-based distributed generation output, and component failure uncertainty. Owing to the combinatorial nature of the planning problem, a genetic algorithm (GA)-based metaheuristic is applied to solve the proposed optimization problem and identify the optimal planning solution. The proposed strategy showed an effective and superior contribution to minimizing the expenditures required for reliability enhancement during contingency and in normal operation. Full article
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32 pages, 2770 KB  
Systematic Review
Integrating Safety into Microgrid Sizing: A Systematic Review
by Stefanos Keskinis, Costas Elmasides, Iasonas Kouveliotis-Lysikatos, Panagiotis K. Marhavilas, Nikos D. Hatziargyriou, Fotis Stergiopoulos, Evangelos Pompodakis, Jacob G. Fantidis, George Makrides and Nick Delianidis
Energies 2026, 19(9), 2098; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092098 - 27 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 526
Abstract
Microgrid sizing has traditionally been driven by economic, technical, environmental, and social criteria, while safety has often been treated implicitly or addressed at later stages of design and operation. In this context, safety refers to the prevention of unacceptable harm to people, assets, [...] Read more.
Microgrid sizing has traditionally been driven by economic, technical, environmental, and social criteria, while safety has often been treated implicitly or addressed at later stages of design and operation. In this context, safety refers to the prevention of unacceptable harm to people, assets, and the environment through appropriate design margins, protection coordination, operational limits, and risk-aware system configuration. However, the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, battery energy storage systems, power electronics, and advanced digital control architectures has elevated safety to a critical design dimension that directly influences sizing decisions. Despite its importance, safety remains fragmented across the microgrid literature and lacks unified treatment within sizing-oriented studies. This paper presents a systematic review of microgrid sizing methodologies with a specific focus on safety-related indicators. The review critically examines how distinct safety dimensions—namely energy storage safety, protection and fault tolerance, operational margins and redundancy, grid interaction, cybersecurity, human and environmental safety—are addressed within traditional, artificial-intelligence-based, software-driven, and hybrid sizing approaches. Safety is conceptualized as a cross-cutting design constraint that shapes sizing variables and feasibility boundaries rather than as an independent optimization objective. By synthesizing the existing literature, this work identifies the safety dimensions most strongly coupled with sizing decisions. The paper further analyses how safety-related constraints can be incorporated into sizing frameworks and highlights key research gaps that hinder their systematic integration. The findings aim to provide a structured reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to embed safety considerations into microgrid sizing methodologies. Full article
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