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Advanced Technologies for the Integration of Marine Energies
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Advanced Technologies for the Integration of Marine Energies

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 August 2026 | Viewed by 3340

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marcos Lafoz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Technology Department Av. de la Complutense, Energy, Environmental and Technological Research Center, CIEMAT Electrical Engineering Division, 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: power electronics; inverters; power converters; wave energy; electric drives; switched reluctance motors; energy storage; electric vehicles; electric machines; flywheels; supercapacitors; energy storage dimensioning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Milad Shadman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Offshore Renewable Energy Group (GERO), Ocean Engineering Program—COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
Interests: offshore renewable energies; energy conversion; hydrogen production; wave energy; offshore wind energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the processes of energy transition towards more efficient, sustainable, and flexible models in power systems, many countries have turned their attention to marine energy, particularly as a complement to other energy sources. The viability of these new energy sources depends on various factors: technological development, the availability of a good energy resource, the absence of other types of energy resources or very high electricity costs, or the business model chosen for their exploitation.

However, marine energy faces the challenge of an extremely harsh environments in marine settings, which compromises the economic feasibility of projects. This field therefore demands scientific and technological development in several areas: the advancement of more efficient energy capture devices, materials and processes that enable more robust systems to withstand adverse weather conditions, environmentally friendly systems, elements that facilitate better integration and operation within power systems, and business models that make the implementation of these systems economically viable.

Thus, this Special Issue aims to compile various advances that are contributing to the growth of marine energy towards a more technically and economically viable development model.

     Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Technology developments to convert marine renewable energy into electricity.
  • Analysis of electric grid stability when integrating marine energy.
  • Technologies to enhance the connection of marine renewable energies into the grid, such as energy storage devices.
  • Environmental impact of renewable marine energies when connected to the grid.
  • Grid-isolated renewable marine energies.
  • Autonomous systems supplied by renewable marine energy.
  • Advanced modelling of renewable marine generators connected to the grid.
  • Power electronics and control strategies to improve performance.
  • Hydrogen production from renewable marine energy.

Dr. Marcos Lafoz
Prof. Dr. Milad Shadman
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • offshore wind generator
  • wave energy converter
  • power take-off
  • grid integration
  • frequency regulation
  • voltage support
  • energy storage
  • off-grid green hydrogen
  • modelling
  • control strategy
  • social acceptance
  • environmental impact

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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30 pages, 1128 KB  
Article
Analysis of Technological Readiness Indexes for Offshore Renewable Energies in Ibero-American Countries
by Claudio Moscoloni, Emiliano Gorr-Pozzi, Manuel Corrales-González, Adriana García-Mendoza, Héctor García-Nava, Isabel Villalba, Giuseppe Giorgi, Gustavo Guarniz-Avalos, Rodrigo Rojas and Marcos Lafoz
Energies 2026, 19(2), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020370 - 12 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 600
Abstract
The energy transition in Ibero-American countries demands significant diversification, yet the vast potential of offshore renewable energies (ORE) remains largely untapped. Slow adoption is often attributed to the hostile marine environment, high investment costs, and a lack of institutional, regulatory, and industrial readiness. [...] Read more.
The energy transition in Ibero-American countries demands significant diversification, yet the vast potential of offshore renewable energies (ORE) remains largely untapped. Slow adoption is often attributed to the hostile marine environment, high investment costs, and a lack of institutional, regulatory, and industrial readiness. A critical barrier for policymakers is the absence of methodologically robust tools to assess national preparedness. Existing indices typically rely on simplistic weighting schemes or are susceptible to known flaws, such as the rank reversal phenomenon, which undermines their credibility for strategic decision-making. This study addresses this gap by developing a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework based on a problem-specific synthesis of established optimization principles to construct a comprehensive Offshore Readiness Index (ORI) for 13 Ibero-American countries. The framework moves beyond traditional methods by employing an advanced weight-elicitation model rooted in the Robust Ordinal Regression (ROR) paradigm to analyze 42 sub-criteria across five domains: Regulation, Planning, Resource, Industry, and Grid. Its methodological core is a non-linear objective function that synergistically combines a Shannon entropy term to promote a maximally unbiased weight distribution and to prevent criterion exclusion, with an epistemic regularization penalty that anchors the solution to expert-derived priorities within each domain. The model is guided by high-level hierarchical constraints that reflect overarching policy assumptions, such as the primacy of Regulation and Planning, thereby ensuring strategic alignment. The resulting ORI ranks Spain first, followed by Mexico and Costa Rica. Spain’s leadership is underpinned by its exceptional performance in key domains, supported by specific enablers, such as a dedicated renewable energy roadmap. The optimized block weights validate the model’s structure, with Regulation (0.272) and Electric Grid (0.272) receiving the highest importance. In contrast, lower-ranked countries exhibit systemic deficiencies across multiple domains. This research offers a dual contribution: methodological innovation in readiness assessment and an actionable tool for policy instruments. The primary policy conclusion is clear: robust regulatory frameworks and strategic planning are the pivotal enabling conditions for ORE development, while industrial capacity and infrastructure are consequent steps that must follow, not precede, a solid policy foundation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for the Integration of Marine Energies)
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26 pages, 6714 KB  
Article
Techno-Economic Analysis of Marine Hybrid Clusters for Use in Chile and Mexico
by Emiliano Gorr-Pozzi, Jorge Olmedo-González, Diego Selman-Caro, Manuel Corrales-González, Héctor García-Nava, Fabiola García-Vega, Itxaso Odériz, Giuseppe Giorgi, Rosa de G. González-Huerta, José A. Zertuche-González and Rodolfo Silva
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5543; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205543 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1305
Abstract
This study assesses the feasibility and profitability of marine hybrid clusters, combining wave energy converters (WECs) and offshore wind turbines (OWTs) to power households and marine aquaculture. Researchers analyzed two coastal sites: La Serena, Chile, with high and consistent wave energy resources, and [...] Read more.
This study assesses the feasibility and profitability of marine hybrid clusters, combining wave energy converters (WECs) and offshore wind turbines (OWTs) to power households and marine aquaculture. Researchers analyzed two coastal sites: La Serena, Chile, with high and consistent wave energy resources, and Ensenada, Mexico, with moderate and more variable wave power. Two WEC technologies, Wave Dragon (WD) and Pelamis (PEL), were evaluated alongside lithium-ion battery storage and green hydrogen production for surplus energy storage. Results show that La Serena’s high wave power (26.05 kW/m) requires less hybridization than Ensenada’s (13.88 kW/m). The WD device in La Serena achieved the highest energy production, while PEL arrays in Ensenada were more effective. The PEL-OWT cluster proved the most cost-effective in Ensenada, whereas the WD-OWT performed better in La Serena. Supplying electricity for seaweed aquaculture, particularly in La Serena, proves more profitable than for households. Ensenada’s clusters generate more surplus electricity, suitable for the electricity market or hydrogen conversion. This study emphasizes the importance of tailoring emerging WEC systems to local conditions, optimizing hybridization strategies, and integrating consolidated industries, such as aquaculture, to enhance both economic and environmental benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for the Integration of Marine Energies)
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Review

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25 pages, 9018 KB  
Review
The Status of Marine Energy of Costa Rica: Challenges and Opportunities for Grid Integration
by Jose Rodrigo Rojas-Morales, Christopher Vega-Sánchez, Juan Luis Guerrero-Fernández, Rodney Eduardo Mora-Escalante, Pablo César Mora-Céspedes, Michelle Chavarría-Brenes, Manuel Corrales-Gonzalez, Julio César Rojas-Gómez, Rolando Madriz-Vargas and Leonardo Suárez-Matarrita
Energies 2026, 19(5), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19051189 - 27 Feb 2026
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Marine renewable energy could support Costa Rica’s decarbonization pathway, but its offshore resource base and enabling conditions remain poorly characterized in the body of knowledge. This study provides the first integrated assessment of marine energy resources, grid integration opportunities, and governance challenges in [...] Read more.
Marine renewable energy could support Costa Rica’s decarbonization pathway, but its offshore resource base and enabling conditions remain poorly characterized in the body of knowledge. This study provides the first integrated assessment of marine energy resources, grid integration opportunities, and governance challenges in Costa Rica. A meta-analysis of 76 technical, legal, and policy sources is combined with qualitative doctrinal analysis, GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), and satellite and reanalysis data for winds, waves, currents, and sea surface temperature to estimate power densities and extractable energy. Results show a contrast between the Pacific and Caribbean coasts. For instance, on the Northern Pacific coast, there are strong Papagayo winds, and persistent swells yield high offshore wind and wave energy potentials, with technical offshore wind resources of around 14.4 GW and Pacific wave power frequently exceeding 20–25 kW/m with relatively low seasonal variability. Furthermore, twelve OTEC-suitable zones are identified with two priority areas in the southern Pacific that combine steep bathymetry and strong thermal gradients with limited environmental conflicts, but they overlap with sensitive conservation and Indigenous territories. Current energy potential is more localized and modest in the Caribbean coast. The analysis highlights major infrastructural, legal, and social barriers but concludes that marine energy can play a pivotal role in diversifying Costa Rica’s renewable-dominated electricity market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for the Integration of Marine Energies)
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