The Role of U.S. K-12 Schools in Protecting and Promoting Students' Mental Health

A Special Issue of Education Sciences (ISSN 2227-7102) belonging to the section "Education and Psychology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2026) | Viewed by 3227

Editor


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Guest Editor
Community Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA
Interests: student mental health; K-12 school practices; restorative practices

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Young people in the U.S. are experiencing an explosive growth in mental health challenges. A variety of school practices are theorized to harm or improve youth mental health outcomes. The body of research evidence relating these practices to mental health is growing, but has not kept pace with the speed of social and policy change, nor with the needs of education policymaker seeking to protect and enhance youth mental health. Political debates continue, and must be informed by rigorous research. This Special Issue thus seeks to center schools as a critical arbiter of youth mental health outcomes, and to answer a timely question: what policies should schools implement (and what policies should they avoid) to protect and enhance U.S. K-12 student mental health?

We thus seek to elevate recent scholarly advances relating common school practices and policies to youth mental health outcomes via this Special Issue, to be published in the journal Education Sciences (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/education/about).

We welcome manuscripts that leverage a variety of methodological approaches—including qualitative and quantitative methods—so long as they are employed rigorously. We also welcome scholarship from a variety of disciplinary traditions (including, but not limited to, public health, psychology, education, sociology, economics, and public policy).

We are particularly eager to publish research that:

  • Explores experiences with, correlates of, or impacts of widely utilized k-12 policies and practices, such as
    1. anti-bullying initiatives,
    2. culturally responsive pedagogy,
    3. digital device limits,
    4. exclusionary discipline,
    5. physical activity/play opportunities,
    6. positive behavioral interventions and supports,
    7. restorative practices,
    8. mental health care provided by or in the school (whether personal or virtual)
    9. policing in schools,
    10. social and emotional learning, and
    11. tracking/ability grouping
  • Centers students’ mental health experiences and/or students’ mental health outcomes
  • Is rooted in theory, practical guidance, conceptual frameworks, psychobiological literature, or causal logics that clearly articulate why a given school policy or practice is expected to relate to student mental health (in other words, we are not interested in research that explores merely speculative relationships)
  • Is designed to provide immediately actionable policy insights (in other words, is structured to provide, and does provide, insight regarding how educational leaders and policymakers should evolve their practices in light of the findings of the research)

We thank you for your work on, and look forward to receiving and reviewing submissions regarding, this critically important topic.

Submission Deadline for Abstracts: Friday, 19 December 2025

Typically, only manuscripts that have received abstract approval will be considered. Authors who have not received abstract approval, and would like to solicit consideration, should email seandh@berkeley.edu no later than Friday, 19 December 2025 with a draft of their manuscript and a cover letter indicating why they believe their manuscript is an excellent fit to be included in this Special Issue.

Dr. Sean Darling-Hammond
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Education Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • K-12 school practices
  • student mental health
  • public health
  • psychology
  • public policy

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 700 KB  
Article
Suspended Futures: School Discipline, Depressive Symptoms, and College/University Degree Attainment
by Collin Perryman
Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16070993 - 24 Jun 2026
Viewed by 431
Abstract
School discipline disproportionately affects Black students and is associated with diminished academic outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which exclusionary discipline constrains college/university degree attainment—and the role of mental health in this pathway—remain underexplored with longitudinal data from a large urban birth cohort. This [...] Read more.
School discipline disproportionately affects Black students and is associated with diminished academic outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which exclusionary discipline constrains college/university degree attainment—and the role of mental health in this pathway—remain underexplored with longitudinal data from a large urban birth cohort. This study examines whether depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between high school discipline and college/university degree attainment, and whether this mediation pathway varies by race and sex. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1417), I employed generalized structural equation modeling (GSEM) to test a serial mediation model: school discipline (Year 15) → depressive symptoms (Year 15) → college-going behaviors (Year 15) → college/university degree attainment (Year 22). Bootstrap confidence intervals (1000 replications) tested indirect effects. Moderation analyses examined whether the mediation pathway differed by race, sex, and depressive symptoms’ severity. School discipline significantly predicted higher depressive symptoms (b = 0.46, p = 0.001), which in turn predicted fewer college-going behaviors (b = −0.02, p = 0.001) and lower odds of college/university degree attainment (OR = 0.89, p = 0.001). The total indirect effect through depressive symptoms was significant (b = −0.06, 95% BC CI [−0.134, −0.017]). Sex, but not race (F = 0.24, p = 0.868), moderated the discipline–depressive pathway: discipline increased depressive symptoms more strongly for females (b = 0.78, p = 0.001) than males (b = 0.21, p = 0.251). Depressive symptoms amplified discipline’s effect on college/university degree attainment (interaction OR = 0.39, p = 0.037). Depressive symptoms partially mediate school discipline’s negative effect on college attainment, with the strongest effects among females. Higher education institutions must prepare to support students whose K-12 experiences were marked by exclusionary discipline. Full article
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16 pages, 587 KB  
Article
Implementation of a CSMHS in a Small Rural School: A Longitudinal Case Study
by Nicole R. Skaar, Chelsea Molstead and Ben Christensen
Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16060977 - 19 Jun 2026
Viewed by 377
Abstract
Rural youth often face barriers to accessing mental health services, including workforce shortages, limited resources, and persistent stigma. Schools are well-positioned to address these gaps through comprehensive school mental health systems (CSMHSs) embedded within multi-tiered systems of support (MTSSs). This study evaluated the [...] Read more.
Rural youth often face barriers to accessing mental health services, including workforce shortages, limited resources, and persistent stigma. Schools are well-positioned to address these gaps through comprehensive school mental health systems (CSMHSs) embedded within multi-tiered systems of support (MTSSs). This study evaluated the implementation and effectiveness of a CSMHS in a small Midwestern rural school district over seven years. A longitudinal case study design was used to describe implementation across seven years. Universal mental health screening data were analyzed to determine the proportion of students receiving tiered supports over time. Implementation fidelity was assessed annually using the School Health Assessment and Performance Evaluation (SHAPE) system. Across seven years, more than 80% of students consistently demonstrated mental wellness within Tier I supports, with Tier II and Tier III needs aligned with expected MTSS distributions. SHAPE data indicated steady implementation improvement, particularly in universal screening, teaming, and tiered support. Ongoing challenges included monitoring Tier II intervention fidelity and demonstrating system-level impact. Findings suggest that CSMHSs can be effectively implemented and sustained in rural school settings when aligned with existing MTSS frameworks, supported by strong partnerships, and adapted to local contexts. This study provides evidence supporting the feasibility of rural CSMHS implementation and offers implications for practice and sustainability. Full article
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26 pages, 2024 KB  
Article
School Reentry: Exploring Healing-Centered Mechanisms for Formerly Incarcerated Transition-Age Black Males in an Urban Intensive, Asset-Based Alternative School
by Charles H. Lea III, Tanaya Sardesai, Kevonyah T. Edwards, Gaby M. Andrade and Bo-Kyung Elizabeth Kim
Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16040653 - 20 Apr 2026
Viewed by 655
Abstract
As schools take on more responsibility for promoting student mental health, there is an increasing focus on how educational policies and practices enhance psychological well-being. However, research has yet to fully examine how alternative school environments support student mental health, especially for those [...] Read more.
As schools take on more responsibility for promoting student mental health, there is an increasing focus on how educational policies and practices enhance psychological well-being. However, research has yet to fully examine how alternative school environments support student mental health, especially for those facing structural inequities related to exclusionary discipline and system involvement. This exploratory qualitative case study examined how an urban intensive, asset-based alternative high school supports the mental health of formerly incarcerated transition-age (18–25) Black male students during reentry. Drawing on interviews (n = 12), observations (n = 33), a focus group (n = 4), and document review, analyzed using thematic analysis with the Radical Healing Framework as an interpretive lens, four interconnected themes emerged: academic engagement and high school completion as sources of future orientation; employment preparation as a pathway to economic stability and purpose; social-emotional stability fostered through relational support and collective care; and liberation from system involvement as relief from racialized surveillance. These mechanisms were perceived as reducing psychological distress, supporting emotional regulation, and promoting a sense of belonging and agency within and outside the alternative school context. Implications for healing-centered, culturally responsive educational policy, practice, and future research are discussed. Full article
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17 pages, 536 KB  
Article
Promoting Social and Emotional Learning Through Physical Activity: An Evaluation of a School-Based Program
by Silvia Alves Nishioka, Cindy Y. Huang, Sonali Rajan and Rupa Mehta
Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16040511 - 25 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1030
Abstract
School-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs have the potential to meaningfully foster healthy development. NaliniKIDS is a school-based program designed to focus on promoting SEL and school connectedness by bridging physical and mental health through exercises, a book series, and schoolwide activities. [...] Read more.
School-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs have the potential to meaningfully foster healthy development. NaliniKIDS is a school-based program designed to focus on promoting SEL and school connectedness by bridging physical and mental health through exercises, a book series, and schoolwide activities. This mixed-method study explored the effects of NaliniKIDS on students’ mental health and school climate and the teachers’ perspectives regarding the implementation in a racially diverse, urban, Title I public elementary school. Quantitative data comprised of student (N = 253) and parent (N = 29) self-reports at pre- and post-test; qualitative data were collected via two focus groups with teachers (N = 10 participants). Survey results showed small increase in prosocial behavior among students after NaliniKIDS implementation. Focus groups highlighted the importance of training, protecting time and resources, and adapting the program to students’ background to maximize its implementation and relevance. NaliniKIDS may be a promising SEL program that facilitates the integration of physical and emotional health. The findings emphasize the health benefits of investments and policies focused on school-based programs that are integrated in the school. The successful implementation of SEL programs such as NaliniKIDS may significantly promote elementary student physical and mental health. Full article
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