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Diagnostics
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Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to...
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Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Diagnostics

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 8196

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dimitris Kounatidis

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Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece
Interests: diabetes; lipids; biomarkers; lipoproteins; obesity; microbiota; sepsis; antibiotics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Natalia G. Vallianou

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Guest Editor
First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 15126 Athens, Greece
Interests: infectious diseases; diabetes; obesity; microbiome; climate change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are characterized by impairment in kidney function due to several genetic and epigenetic factors, such as nutritional aspects, infections, metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, drugs, and toxins. Metabolic derangements, inflammatory processes, the various types of regulated cell death, and renal hemodynamic changes may all contribute to the development of kidney dysfunction. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide further information and data regarding the pathogenesis of AKI and CKD. In addition, the plethora of existing biomarkers as well as their efficacy in deciphering etiology, different phenotypes of AKI and CKD, and their prognostic potential will be further discussed. In this context, the advent of multi-omics techniques together with machine learning algorithms is of paramount importance. Therefore, in this Special Issue, we welcome submissions focusing on the latest advances in the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD. Furthermore, we are anticipating manuscripts regarding the usefulness of novel biomarkers on the timely diagnosis for the different subtypes of AKI and CKD.

Dr. Dimitris Kounatidis
Dr. Natalia G. Vallianou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • acute kidney injury (AKI)
  • chronic kidney disease (CKD)
  • pathogenesis
  • biomarkers

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 2363 KiB  
Article
Can Biomarkers Predict Kidney Function Recovery and Mortality in Patients with Critical COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury?
by Noemí Del Toro-Cisneros, José C. Páez-Franco, Miguel A. Martínez-Rojas, Isaac González-Soria, Juan Antonio Ortega-Trejo, Hilda Sánchez-Vidal, Norma A. Bobadilla, Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre and Olynka Vega-Vega
Diagnostics 2025, 15(15), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15151960 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
Background/Objectives: COVID-19 is a systemic viral infection that may lead to serious complications including acute kidney injury that requires kidney replacement therapy. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate urinary SerpinA3 (uSerpinA3) excretion as a biomarker of kidney recovery at [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: COVID-19 is a systemic viral infection that may lead to serious complications including acute kidney injury that requires kidney replacement therapy. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate urinary SerpinA3 (uSerpinA3) excretion as a biomarker of kidney recovery at 90 days, and the mortality in patients with critical COVID-19 and AKI requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Methods: The study included patients with critical COVID-19 on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requiring KRT. Blood and urine samples were obtained when KRT was initiated (day zero), and thereafter on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-replacement. uSerpinA3, kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) were measured in urine, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in peripheral blood. In addition, metabolomics in sample days zero and 3, and in the survivors on sample day 90 was performed by employing gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 60 patients were recruited, of whom 29 (48%) survived hospitalization and recovered kidney function by day 90. In the survivors, 79% presented complete recovery (CRR) and the remaining (21%) recovered partially (PRR). In terms of uSerpinA3, levels on days 7 and 14 predicted CRR, with AUC values of 0.68 (p = 0.041) and 0.71 (p = 0.030), respectively, as well as mortality, with AUC values of 0.75 (p = 0.007) and 0.76 (p = 0.015), respectively. Among the other biomarkers, the excretion of uKIM-1 on day zero of KRT had a superior performance as a CRR predictor [(AUC, 0.71 (p = 0.017)], and as a mortality predictor [AUC, 0.68 (p = 0.028)]. In the metabolomics analysis, we identified four distinct profiles; the metabolite that maintained statistical significance in predicting mortality was p-cresol glucuronide. Conclusions: This study strongly suggests that uSerpinA3 and uKIM-1 can predict CRR and mortality in patients with critical COVID-19 and AKI requiring KRT. Metabolic analysis appears promising for identifying affected pathways and their clinical impact in this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Diagnostics)
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Review

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27 pages, 697 KiB  
Review
Obesity-Related Chronic Kidney Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment
by Elena Avgoustou, Ilektra Tzivaki, Garyfalia Diamantopoulou, Tatiana Zachariadou, Despoina Avramidou, Vasileios Dalopoulos and Alexandros Skourtis
Diagnostics 2025, 15(2), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15020169 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4374
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as a global epidemic with far-reaching health complications, including its role as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Increasing evidence suggests that obesity contributes to CKD through multiple mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, hemodynamic alterations, insulin resistance, and [...] Read more.
Obesity has emerged as a global epidemic with far-reaching health complications, including its role as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Increasing evidence suggests that obesity contributes to CKD through multiple mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, hemodynamic alterations, insulin resistance, and lipid accumulation. These processes can culminate in histopathological changes collectively referred to as obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and pathophysiology of ORG. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of identifying key biomarkers that facilitate the early detection of ORG. Finally, we explore emerging therapeutic strategies that offer promise in mitigating this growing global health crisis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Diagnostics)
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12 pages, 753 KiB  
Review
Cardiac Troponin Levels in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: “Markers of High Risk or Just Noise’’?
by Eleni V. Geladari, Natalia G. Vallianou, Angelos Evangelopoulos, Petros Koufopoulos, Fotis Panagopoulos, Evangelia Margellou, Maria Dalamaga, Vassilios Sevastianos and Charalampia V. Geladari
Diagnostics 2024, 14(20), 2316; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14202316 - 18 Oct 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2817
Abstract
Kidney disease is linked to the development of cardiovascular disorders, further increasing morbidity and mortality in this high-risk population. Thus, early detection of myocardial damage is imperative in order to prevent devastating cardiovascular complications within this patient group. Over the years, cardiac biomarkers [...] Read more.
Kidney disease is linked to the development of cardiovascular disorders, further increasing morbidity and mortality in this high-risk population. Thus, early detection of myocardial damage is imperative in order to prevent devastating cardiovascular complications within this patient group. Over the years, cardiac biomarkers have been identified and are now widely used in everyday clinical practice. More specifically, available data suggest that cardiac troponin and its regulatory subunits (TnT, TnI, and TnC) reflect the injury and necrosis of myocardial tissue. While cTnC is identical in cardiac and skeletal muscle, TnT and TnI constitute cardiac-specific forms of troponin, and, as such, they have been established by international societies as biomarkers of cardiac damage and diagnostic indicators for acute myocardial infarction. Elevations in the levels of both cardiac troponins (cTnT and cTnI) have been also reported in asymptomatic patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. Therefore, if abnormal, they often generate confusion among clinicians regarding the interpretation and clinical significance of their numerical values in emergency settings. The aim of this review is to explore the reasons behind elevated troponin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease and identify when these elevated levels of biomarkers indicate the need for urgent intervention, considering the high cardiovascular risk in this patient group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Diagnostics)
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