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Diagnostics
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Clinical Anatomy and Diagnosis in 2025
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Clinical Anatomy and Diagnosis in 2025

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2026 | Viewed by 4035

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ji-Hyun Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Anatomy and Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
Interests: human anatomy; clinical anatomy; neuroanatomy; aesthetic anatomy; rehabilitation anatomy; botulinum toxin injection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, “Clinical Anatomy and Diagnosis in 2025”, aims to explore innovative approaches and new perspectives on patient diagnosis, treatment, and anatomy through next-generation anatomical research.

This Special Issue will feature studies that advance diagnosis and treatment by investigating anatomical mechanisms, utilizing cutting-edge imaging technologies, and conducting novel anatomical research incorporating 3D modeling and artificial intelligence.

It will also include original and comprehensive research on clinical anatomy and diagnostic methods alongside diverse teaching and learning strategies aimed at advancing these fields.

Aligned with the objectives of Diagnostics, this Special Issue aims to foster discussions on both fundamental and advanced aspects of clinical anatomy, with a particular emphasis on diagnosis.

We cordially invite contributions that will help define the future directions of anatomical research and establish new benchmarks for progress in this field.

Dr. Ji-Hyun Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • anatomy
  • advanced anatomy
  • anatomical development
  • anatomy for diagnostic methods
  • anatomical research innovation
  • mechanisms of anatomical pathogenesis

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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10 pages, 1425 KB  
Article
Reconstructing the Gait Pattern of a Korean Cadaver with Bilateral Lower Limb Asymmetry Using a Virtual Humanoid Modeling Program
by Min Woo Seo, Changmin Lee and Hyun Jin Park
Diagnostics 2025, 15(15), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15151943 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 484
Abstract
Background and Objective: This study presents a combined osteometric and biomechanical analysis of a Korean female cadaver exhibiting bilateral lower limb bone asymmetry with abnormal curvature and callus formation on the left femoral midshaft. Methods: To investigate bilateral bone length differences, [...] Read more.
Background and Objective: This study presents a combined osteometric and biomechanical analysis of a Korean female cadaver exhibiting bilateral lower limb bone asymmetry with abnormal curvature and callus formation on the left femoral midshaft. Methods: To investigate bilateral bone length differences, osteometric measurements were conducted at standardized landmarks. Additionally, we developed three gait models using Meta Motivo, an open-source reinforcement learning platform, to analyze how skeletal asymmetry influences stride dynamics and directional control. Results: Detailed measurements revealed that the left lower limb bones were consistently shorter and narrower than their right counterparts. The calculated lower limb lengths showed a bilateral discrepancy ranging from 39 mm to 42 mm—specifically a 6 mm difference in the femur, 33 mm in the tibia, and 36 mm in the fibula. In the gait pattern analysis, the normal model exhibited a straight-line gait without lateral deviation. In contrast, the unbalanced, non-learned model demonstrated compensatory overuse and increased stride length of the left lower limb and a tendency to veer leftward. The unbalanced, learned model showed partial gait normalization, characterized by reduced limb dominance and improved right stride, although directional control remained compromised. Conclusions: This integrative approach highlights the biomechanical consequences of lower limb bone discrepancy and demonstrates the utility of virtual agent-based modeling in elucidating compensatory gait adaptations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Anatomy and Diagnosis in 2025)
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16 pages, 3989 KB  
Case Report
Bone Mass, Microarchitecture, and Morphometric Insights on a Right Unilateral Bifid Mandibular Condyle: A Micro-CT Analysis Report and Literature Review
by Carlos Torres-Villar, Juan Pacheco Muñoz, Eva Maranillo and Nicolás E. Ottone
Diagnostics 2025, 15(19), 2440; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15192440 - 25 Sep 2025
Viewed by 471
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is a rare anatomical variation characterized by a division of the mandibular condyle into two distinct heads. Although frequently identified through radiographic studies or in dry skulls, its etiology remains unclear, and few studies have examined its [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is a rare anatomical variation characterized by a division of the mandibular condyle into two distinct heads. Although frequently identified through radiographic studies or in dry skulls, its etiology remains unclear, and few studies have examined its internal bone structure. This study aimed to perform a detailed morphologic and microarchitectural analysis of a right unilateral bifid mandibular condyle using micro-CT and to contrast the findings with the relevant morphological and clinical literature. Case Presentation: A human mandible from an anatomical collection was analyzed. The mandible was scanned using a Bruker 1273 micro-CT system, and a 3D reconstruction was performed. Morphometric analysis was carried out on both the bifid right and normal left condyles, evaluating cortical and trabecular components separately. Parameters included bone volume, absolute bone volume, bone surface, trabecular thickness, separation, and number. The right condyle was divided into medial and lateral heads with independent necks, displaying asymmetry in size and shape. Micro-CT revealed reduced cortical volume and greater trabecular separation in the BMC, suggesting lower bone density compared to the left condyle. Conclusions: This case reveals significant differences in bone architecture between the BMC and the contralateral condyle, indicating a potentially reduced biomechanical capacity on the affected side. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating microstructural evaluation in anatomical and clinical assessments of BMCs and provide novel insights that may inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and understanding of temporomandibular joint disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Anatomy and Diagnosis in 2025)
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19 pages, 1189 KB  
Case Report
Anatomy-Guided Microsurgical Resection of a Dominant Frontal Lobe Tumor Without Intraoperative Adjuncts: A Case Report from a Resource-Limited Context
by Matei Șerban, Corneliu Toader and Răzvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
Diagnostics 2025, 15(18), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15182393 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 517
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM), IDH-wildtype, is one of the most aggressive primary brain malignancies, and maximal safe resection is consistently recognized as a significant prognostic factor. Intraoperative adjuncts including functional mapping, neuronavigation, and fluorescence-guidance are not always present in many centers around the world. [...] Read more.
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM), IDH-wildtype, is one of the most aggressive primary brain malignancies, and maximal safe resection is consistently recognized as a significant prognostic factor. Intraoperative adjuncts including functional mapping, neuronavigation, and fluorescence-guidance are not always present in many centers around the world. The aim is not to suggest equivalence to adjunct-assisted resections, but rather to illustrate the feasibility of anatomy-guided surgery in carefully selected cases and to contribute to the broader discussion on safe operative strategies in resource-limited environments. Methods: We present the case of a 54-year-old right-handed male who presented with progressive non-fluent aphasia, seizures, and signs of intracranial hypertension. Pre-operative MRI showed a heterogeneously hyperintense, frontobasal intra-axial mass involving the dominant inferior frontal gyrus, extending toward the corpus callosum and orbitofrontal cortex, and early subfalcine shift. Surgery was performed via a left frontobasal craniotomy, using subpial dissection and cortical–sulcal anatomical landmarks while aiming to preserve eloquent subcortical tracts (frontal aslant tract, superior longitudinal fasciculus). Nueronavigation, functional mapping or fluorescence was not used. We defined our outcomes by the extent of resection, functional preservation, and early radiological stability. Results: The procedure achieved a subtotal-near-total resection (>95% estimated volume) while maintaining functional motor function from prior to surgery and the patient’s baseline expressive aphasia, with no new neurological deficits. Early post-operative CT showed decompression of the resection cavity without hemorrhage or shift. At three months post-operative, CT showed stability of the cavity and resolution of the most perilesional edema with no evidence of recurrence. Clinically, the patient showed gradual improvement in verbal fluency, he remained seizure free, and maintained independence, which allowed for timeliness of the initiation of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Conclusions: We intend for the case to illustrate that, in selected dominant frontal GBM, following microsurgical anatomical principles closely may provide a high extent of resection with the preservation of function, even without advanced intraoperative adjuncts. We hope that our experience may support our colleagues who practice in resource-limited settings and contribute to our shared goal of both oncological outcomes and the quality of life of our patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Anatomy and Diagnosis in 2025)
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16 pages, 2246 KB  
Systematic Review
The Anatomy of the Stylohyoid Chain: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
by George Triantafyllou, Ioannis Paschopoulos, Fabrice Duparc, George Tsakotos, Panagiotis Papadopoulos-Manolarakis and Maria Piagkou
Diagnostics 2025, 15(7), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070925 - 3 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1280
Abstract
Background: The temporal bone’s styloid process (SP) is an important structure that extends from the skull base to the parapharyngeal space. The stylohyoid ligament (SHL) attaches it to the hyoid bone. The SP and SHL are considered the stylohyoid chain (SHC) components. [...] Read more.
Background: The temporal bone’s styloid process (SP) is an important structure that extends from the skull base to the parapharyngeal space. The stylohyoid ligament (SHL) attaches it to the hyoid bone. The SP and SHL are considered the stylohyoid chain (SHC) components. The SP’s close relationship with vital head and neck structures has important clinical implications. Specifically, SP and SHC variants are linked with clinical conditions. Therefore, adequate knowledge of these variations is of paramount importance. Methods: Using the latest guidelines, a systematic literature review was performed in four online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) to identify studies referring to the SP’s typical anatomy and possible SHC morphological variants. The meta-analysis was conducted using R programming software to calculate the prevalence of typical anatomy and possible variants and the pooled mean length of the SP. Results: A total of 104 studies were included, with a total sample of 136,010 heminecks. The typical SP (under 30 mm) was estimated to have a pooled prevalence of 74.97%. SP elongation was observed in 25.03%. The subgroup analysis identified significant differences based on the study type, with computed tomography (CT) studies having the highest pooled prevalence. The SP length was calculated to have a pooled mean of 28.91 mm. For SHC ossification, the pseudo-articulated type was identified to have a pooled prevalence of 4.39%, and that of the segmented type was detected to be 3.89%. The geographical distribution and study type affected the estimated pooled prevalence. Conclusions: The current evidence-based systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the SHC’s typical anatomy and possible variants. The elongated SP pooled prevalence of 25.03% indicates that it is not a rare variant, and CT is the optimal method to investigate such a variant. These details demonstrated by the current meta-analysis could be of importance for clinicians. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Anatomy and Diagnosis in 2025)
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