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Diagnostics
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Advances in Optical Coherence Tomography in 2025
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Advances in Optical Coherence Tomography in 2025

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Optics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2026) | Viewed by 3873

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yan Li

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Boston Scientific, Maple Grove, MN 55311, USA
Interests: photoacoustic imaging; optical coherence tomography; optical coherence elastography; intravascular imaging; multimodal endoscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique that utilizes low-coherence light to capture structural images of biological tissue at a high resolution at the micrometer scale. OCT has had a significant impact on the diagnosis and management of diseases in many fields of medicine. Since the first demonstration of Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 1997, several functional extensions of OCT have been developed, including velocimetry, angiogram, and optical coherence elastography (OCE). These functional techniques have been widely used in research and clinical applications, such as ophthalmology and dermatology.

This Special Issue focuses on the challenges of and recent advances in functional OCT in disease diagnosis and clinical translation. Contributions may address, but are not limited to, the following topics: artificial intelligence in functional OCT, advancements in endoscopic functional OCT, functional OCT-guided therapy, and OCT-based multimodal imaging.

Dr. Yan Li
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • OCT
  • velocimetry
  • angiogram
  • optical coherence elastography (OCE)
  • multimodal imaging

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 809 KB  
Article
Comparison of Macular Ganglion Cell–Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness and Sectoral Ratio Asymmetry Among Different Glaucoma Types
by Merve Çetin, Atılım Armağan Demirtaş, Berna Yüce and Tuncay Küsbeci
Diagnostics 2026, 16(7), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16070959 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 282
Abstract
Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, and GCIPL asymmetry parameters in differentiating healthy eyes from primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), primary [...] Read more.
Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, and GCIPL asymmetry parameters in differentiating healthy eyes from primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and secondary open-angle glaucoma (SOAG). Methods: This retrospective study included 204 eyes of 204 patients categorized into four groups: healthy controls (n = 46), PACG (n = 53), POAG (n = 58), and SOAG (n = 47). All participants underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Peripapillary RNFL thickness, sectoral and average GCIPL thickness, and GCIPL-derived asymmetry ratios were analyzed. Diagnostic performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Diagnostic accuracy varied according to glaucoma subtype. In distinguishing POAG from healthy controls, the average RNFL thickness (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.82) demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance, followed by the superotemporal, inferotemporal, and average GCIPL thickness parameters. In contrast, no parameter reached an AUC of ≥0.80 in the PACG or SOAG comparisons. GCIPL asymmetry ratios exhibited limited discriminative ability across most analyses. Subtype differentiation was modest; POAG versus SOAG comparisons yielded AUC values up to 0.66, whereas PACG versus SOAG comparisons demonstrated minimal discrimination (AUC range: 0.47–0.63). Conclusions: Peripapillary RNFL and localized temporal GCIPL thickness measurements provide the highest diagnostic accuracy for identifying POAG. Diagnostic performance is reduced in PACG and SOAG, and the OCT parameters show limited ability to differentiate between glaucoma subtypes. GCIPL asymmetry indices do not enhance diagnostic discrimination beyond direct thickness measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Coherence Tomography in 2025)
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16 pages, 4428 KB  
Article
Depth-Resolved OCT of Root Canal Walls After Diode-Laser Irradiation: A Descriptive Ex Vivo Study Following a Stereomicroscopy Report
by Adrian Ştefan Stănuşi, Oana Andreea Diaconu, Andreea Stănuşi, Eugen Osiac, Mihaela Roxana Brătoiu, Gabriel-Sebastian Petrescu, Adelina Smaranda Bugălă, Bogdan Dimitriu and Mihaela Jana Ţuculină
Diagnostics 2025, 15(23), 3083; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15233083 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 559
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Diode lasers are used as adjuncts for endodontic disinfection, but their depth-resolved effects on root dentin are insufficiently described. This ex vivo study used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to qualitatively document laser-related morphological signatures on canal walls. Methods: Palatal roots [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Diode lasers are used as adjuncts for endodontic disinfection, but their depth-resolved effects on root dentin are insufficiently described. This ex vivo study used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to qualitatively document laser-related morphological signatures on canal walls. Methods: Palatal roots from extracted maxillary first molars were standardized and hemisectioned to create specimens allocated to a conventional diode-laser protocol, a higher-power protocol, or control. A 940-nm diode laser with endodontic tips was applied per group. Swept-source OCT acquired serial B-scans along the root length. Two endodontists reviewed images for thermally induced morphological alterations (TIMAs). Reporting is descriptive. Results: OCT revealed laser-related hyper-reflective linear/radial signatures extending from the canal lumen toward the external root surface in laser-treated specimens. Qualitatively, signatures appeared more conspicuous and extended deeper with the higher-power protocol than with the conventional protocol. Findings were most evident in the coronal/middle thirds. Control specimens served to contextualize background appearances from preparation and sectioning. Representative B-scans illustrate typical patterns. The novelty of the present study results from the identification of areas of morphological alteration through the OCT examination of the walls of the root canals. Conclusions: Depth-resolved OCT can visualize dentinal alterations associated with diode-laser irradiation in an ex vivo model. These observations support careful parameter selection and motivate in situ studies with concurrent temperature monitoring and histologic correlation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Coherence Tomography in 2025)
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23 pages, 4529 KB  
Article
The Relevance of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Screening and Monitoring Hypertensive Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis
by Irina Cristina Barca, Vasile Potop and Stefan Sorin Arama
Diagnostics 2025, 15(11), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15111393 - 30 May 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1287
Abstract
Background: Our study evaluated the correlation between internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) and retinal microvascular changes in patients with hypertensive retinopathy, dyslipidemia and ICAS. We analyzed vascular measurements provided by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and carotid Doppler ultrasonography (US) and linked [...] Read more.
Background: Our study evaluated the correlation between internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) and retinal microvascular changes in patients with hypertensive retinopathy, dyslipidemia and ICAS. We analyzed vascular measurements provided by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and carotid Doppler ultrasonography (US) and linked OCTA parameters with carotid artery US measurements on the same side. Statistical differences in OCTA analysis among three groups (no stenosis, mild stenosis and moderate stenosis) were evaluated and correlated with carotid Doppler parameters. Our study aimed to evaluate whether OCTA can be proposed as a screening method in patients diagnosed with mild and moderate ICAS in order to improve the early detection of carotid changes, thus potentially reducing the rate of cardiovascular and cerebral complications of ICAS. Methods: We conducted a study on hypertensive patients with ICAS using six OCTA parameters in the analysis of the retinal vasculature and carotid Doppler US velocities of three carotid arteries and the vertebral artery (VA). Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc tests were used to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the normal, mild and moderate stenosis groups. Spearman and Pearson correlation were used to obtain correlations among OCTA parameters such as the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), non-flow area (NFA), vascular flow area (VFA) and blood flow velocity on carotid Doppler US. Results: In the final analysis, 49 patients were included and 3 groups of stenosis were obtained, comprising 21 subjects with no stenosis, 19 with mild stenosis and 9 with moderate stenosis. Right eye and left eye groups were formed. In the right eye group with right ICAS, we found statistically significant results for FAZ circularity when comparing the normal stenosis group to the mild stenosis group (p = 0.025) and the mild stenosis group to the moderate stenosis group (p = 0.006). Statistically significant results were also observed for NFA when comparing the normal stenosis group to the moderate stenosis group (p = 0.004) and the mild stenosis group to the moderate stenosis group (p = 0.011). When comparing the FAZ area (p = 0.016) and VFA (p = 0.037) for the normal and moderate groups, statistically significant values were obtained. When comparing the normal and moderate stenosis groups with regard to the left eye, we found statistically significant results for VFA (p = 0.041), NFA (p = 0.045) and VFA (p = 0.029). When comparing the mild and moderate carotid artery stenosis groups, we obtained statistically significant results for NFA (p = 0.001), FAZ area (p = 0.007) and VFA (p = 0.013). In the right eye group, correlations between internal carotid artery (ICA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) and VFA (rho = −0.286), ICA end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and NFA (r = 0.365), external carotid artery (ECA) PSV and VFA (r = −0.288; rho = −0.317), common carotid artery (CCA) PSV and NFA (rho = −0.345), CCA EDV and NFA (rho = −0.292) and VA PSV and VFA (r = −0.327; rho = −0.379) were found. When analyzing OCTA parameters, we found statistically significant results for NFA and VFA (r = −0.374; rho = −0.288). Correlations were also found in the left eye group between ICA PSV and NFA (r = −0.351; rho = −0.313), ICA EDV and VFA (r = −0.421; rho = −0.314), ECA PSV and NFA (r = −0.412; rho = −0.457), CCA PSV and NFA (p = −0.288; rho = −0.339), and CCA EDV and NFA (r = −0.404; rho = −0.417). Conclusions: Our study found correlations between carotid Doppler velocities and OCTA vascular flow parameters; thus, OCTA may be used as a tool for monitoring the microvascular changes associated with carotid stenosis. OCTA can provide insights concerning the overall vascular condition of the patient, since it provides subjective data on vessel density and flow; therefore, by monitoring hypertensive patients with both OCTA and carotid Doppler US, we may be able to increase efficiency in screening and diagnosing patients with IACS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Coherence Tomography in 2025)
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