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Diagnostics
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Diagnostics and Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine
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Diagnostics and Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2024) | Viewed by 7278

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Mel Mupparapu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Interests: beam computed tomography (CBCT); periapical dental lesions; artificial intelligence; oral and maxillofacial radiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The field of oral and maxillofacial medicine demands precision and accuracy in diagnostics. Like in any field of medicine, the diagnostics encompass a comprehensive range of techniques, including clinical examination, radiological imaging, blood work and biopsies when needed. These methods provide crucial insights into the diseases affecting the mouth, jaws and facial structures. An accurate diagnosis lays the foundation for effective management strategies, ranging from conservative treatments to surgical interventions. The evolving techniques in diagnostics continue to enhance our understanding of oral and maxillofacial conditions, enabling earlier detection and improved patient outcomes.

Prof. Dr. Mel Mupparapu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • oral and maxillofacial medicine
  • diagnostics
  • clinical examination
  • radiological imaging
  • blood work
  • biopsies
  • earlier detection

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

22 pages, 1228 KiB  
Article
Non-Instrumental and Instrumental Tools Validity in Bruxism Diagnostics
by Adrian Marcel Popescu, Mihaela Ionescu, Diana Elena Vlăduțu, Sanda Mihaela Popescu, Iulia Roxana Marinescu, Monica Scrieciu and Veronica Mercuț
Diagnostics 2025, 15(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15020200 - 16 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1162
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The study aimed to validate the diagnostic system proposed by the Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) by correlating the results obtained based on questionnaire and non-instrumental and instrumental tools. Methods: The study had three stages (questionnaire, clinical examination, and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The study aimed to validate the diagnostic system proposed by the Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) by correlating the results obtained based on questionnaire and non-instrumental and instrumental tools. Methods: The study had three stages (questionnaire, clinical examination, and electromyographic study). The subjects completed a questionnaire and clinical exam. Positive signs of bruxism included oral mucosal signs and the presence of dental wear according to the BEWE index. In stage three, sEMG was performed after allocating subjects into four groups according to the questionnaire and clinical exam results: sleep bruxism (SB), awake bruxism (AB), sleep and awake bruxism (SB AB), and no bruxism (no B). After the third stage, a new selection was made, and the subjects were divided into four groups, according to sEMG results. Diagnostic accuracy was computed for possible bruxism SB and grinding and clenching sound diagnosis, possible bruxism AB and AB acknowledgment, possible bruxism SB AB, and tooth wear index. Results: For SB, the sensitivity and specificity of the tools were the highest. The non-instrumental questionnaire and clinical assessment identified 67% of SB cases and 89% without SB. For AB, the specificity was higher (84%), while the sensitivity was lower (55%), as almost half of the subjects were not aware of the presence of AB. The tests showed a low sensitivity (15%) but a high specificity (83%) for tooth wear. The absence of tooth wear was frequently associated with the absence of bruxism, while the presence of tooth wear did not necessarily imply the existence of bruxism. Conclusions: Non-instrumental evaluation of bruxism through questionnaires and clinical exams is valuable, especially for SB. Instrumental evaluation through electromyography remains a gold standard for bruxism diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine)
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19 pages, 3906 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Different 3D Surface Registration-Based Methods to Assess Facial Asymmetry
by Annalisa Cappella, Riccardo Solazzo, Luisa Gigante, Alice Gervasoni, Daniele Maria Gibelli, Claudia Dolci, Gianluca Martino Tartaglia and Chiarella Sforza
Diagnostics 2024, 14(22), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222573 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 972
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Facial asymmetry is gaining an increasing diagnostic interest in many clinical contexts. Several three-dimensional surface-based methods have been proposed for its assessment; however, they might provide non-equivalent data. Since there is a lack of comparative studies in these terms, this study aims [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Facial asymmetry is gaining an increasing diagnostic interest in many clinical contexts. Several three-dimensional surface-based methods have been proposed for its assessment; however, they might provide non-equivalent data. Since there is a lack of comparative studies in these terms, this study aims to compare three methods for assessing the asymmetry of the face and facial thirds, thus addressing whether the potential differences can be considered clinically acceptable or not. Methods: Two ‘maxillofacial’ methods based on the trigeminal nerve distribution and one ‘orthodontic’ method based on reference horizontal planes were used to identify the facial thirds on 3D facial models of 80 Italian healthy adults to calculate the asymmetry of the face, and the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face differently selected by each method. As a measure of asymmetry, the Root Mean Square value was calculated through a mirroring surface-based registration. Intra- and inter-operator reliability was verified for each method. Differences and interchangeability between the methods were tested, respectively, by two-way repeated measures ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Bland–Altman and Similarity Percentage model analysis. Additionally, the time required to perform each method was assessed. Results: All methods demonstrated excellent intra- and inter-operator reliability. While the ANOVA analysis found significant differences (p < 0.001) for the majority of facial Regions of Interest between each method, the Bland–Altman analysis revealed that the differences were clinically acceptable (<0.50 mm) for all facial regions between the trigeminal methods, and for the face and the upper third of the face between the orthodontic method, which was revealed to be faster, and the trigeminal ones. The additional similarity percentage model provided visual support for the complete interchangeability of the two trigeminal methods, as evidenced by the lower Coefficient of Variation value. Conclusions: There is no best method for assessing facial asymmetry that applies to all types of clinical settings, as we have shown that different methods may not be completely interchangeable. However, we suggest that the methods based on the trigeminal subdivision can be used interchangeably in contexts where the morpho-functional analysis of maxillofacial regions with different embryological origins is considered. Thus, the clinical setting imposes the choice of one method over another and, as we have pointed out, the consequent comparison of data with those obtained with methods whose interchangeability has been demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine)
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11 pages, 243 KiB  
Article
Facial Nerve Injury after Extracapsular Dissection for Benign Parotid Tumors with and without Intraoperative Monitoring: A Retrospective Study of a Single Center
by Maria Giulia Cristofaro, Walter Colangeli, Francesco Ferragina, Giuseppe Tarallo, Angelo Ruggero Sottile, Maria Grazia Ioppolo, Antonella Arrotta and Ida Barca
Diagnostics 2024, 14(18), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182017 - 12 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909
Abstract
Background: Facial nerve injury (FNI) is the most common complication of parotid surgery and manifests as FN paralysis. The use of intraoperative facial nerve monitoring (IFNM) is becoming an established intraoperative aid for surgeons, assisting in the identification of the location and dissection [...] Read more.
Background: Facial nerve injury (FNI) is the most common complication of parotid surgery and manifests as FN paralysis. The use of intraoperative facial nerve monitoring (IFNM) is becoming an established intraoperative aid for surgeons, assisting in the identification of the location and dissection of the facial nerve trunk or branches. The postoperative outcomes of parotid surgery with and without monitoring have been addressed in only a limited number of studies. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of postoperative paralysis in patients undergoing extracapsular dissection (ED) for benign parotid tumors concerning the use or non-use of IFNM. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Maxillo-Facial Department of the Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of patients who underwent surgery without IFNM (1 January 2015 to 31 December 2018); Group 2, on the other hand, consisted of patients who underwent surgery with IFNM (1 January 2019 to 31 December 2022). Group 2 employed the Nerve Integrity Monitor (Medtronic’s NIM®). To classify the FN function, we employed the modified House–Brackmann classification system. To evaluate the dependence between the “use of IFNM” and “postoperative paralysis”, a descriptive analysis was conducted, including applying the Chi-squared test and calculating the Pearson correlation. Subsequently, a binary logistic regression model was applied to further evaluate the correlation between the latter. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 276 patients were included in the study: 120 subjects were assigned to Group 1 (43.5%, comprising 60 men and 60 women) and 156 subjects were assigned to Group 2 (56.5%, comprising 93 men and 63 women). In 91.7% of the cases (n. 253, precisely 105 in Group 1 and 148 in Group 2), no FNI occurred. In 8.33% of the cases (n. 23, specifically 15 in Group 1 and 8 in Group 2), postoperative paralysis was observed. Of these subjects, only two in Group 1 had permanent paralysis (8.69%); therefore, 91.31% had transient paralysis. As a result, 91.31% of the subjects exhibited transient paralysis. In the case of FNI, 78% of the cases involved the marginal mandibular branch (n. 18), 13% involved the temporo-zygomatic branch (n. 3), and 7% involved more than one branch (n = 2). The results of the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the use of IFNM was a statistically significant influencing factor, with an estimated reduction in postoperative paralysis of approximately 62% (OR 0.378; 95% CI: 0.155–0.92). In Group 2, the occurrence of transient complications was significantly reduced (OR 0.387; 95% CI: 0.149–1.002 with p < 0.05). Discussion and Conclusions: The use of IFNM in the ED for benign parotid tumors significantly reduces the rate of FNI and, consequently, postoperative FN paralysis. On the other hand, the use of monitoring systems must not replace the experience and anatomical knowledge of the surgeon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine)

Review

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13 pages, 232 KiB  
Review
Tongue Behavior in Anterior Open Bite—A Narrative Review
by Olimpia Bunta, Ioana Filip, Cristina Garba, Ioana-Maria Colceriu-Simon, Cristian Olteanu, Dana Festila and Mircea Ghergie
Diagnostics 2025, 15(6), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15060724 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 750
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Multiple factors may contribute to the development of open bite malocclusion, including genetics and environmental factors. Anterior open bite is usually related to the interposition of the tongue between the dental arches during swallowing or at rest. But how important is [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Multiple factors may contribute to the development of open bite malocclusion, including genetics and environmental factors. Anterior open bite is usually related to the interposition of the tongue between the dental arches during swallowing or at rest. But how important is the role of the tongue in the development of anterior open bite? And how does anterior open bite malocclusion influence tongue behavior? With this study, we would like to offer a better understanding on the importance of tongue function in the context of this malocclusion. Methods: In this narrative review, a comprehensive electronic search was conducted via PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The inclusion criteria were original research articles published between 2014 and 2024 with full text access. The exclusion criteria were articles older than 10 years and articles with restricted access or without full text access. Results: Out of the initial 1231 articles, 9 articles were found to be eligible for the present study. The tongue is a part of the neutral zone of the oral cavity, together with the lips and cheek musculature, forming a corridor of equilibrium. If this neuromuscular balance is altered, the teeth will move out of the neutral zone, and various malocclusions may develop. Patients with anterior open bite experience difficulties in closing the anterior portion of the oral cavity during swallowing; therefore, adaptative changes occur in an attempt to compensate by changing the dynamics of the tongue. Conclusions: The cause–effect relationship between tongue malfunction and anterior open bite remains controversial. This review article mentions the possible role of the tongue in anterior open bite etiology, but evidence is still needed on this subject, as it is yet unclear whether the influence of the tongue is a primary cause, an influencing factor, or just a consequence of an already-existing vertical occlusal pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine)
20 pages, 1751 KiB  
Review
The Role of Oral Biomarkers in the Assessment of Noncommunicable Diseases
by Gustavo Sáenz-Ravello, Marcela Hernández, Mauricio Baeza and Patricia Hernández-Ríos
Diagnostics 2025, 15(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15010078 - 31 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1119
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Oral biomarkers have gained attention as non-invasive tools for assessing systemic diseases due to their potential to reflect physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to explore the role of oral biomarkers in diagnosing and monitoring systemic diseases, emphasizing their diagnostic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Oral biomarkers have gained attention as non-invasive tools for assessing systemic diseases due to their potential to reflect physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to explore the role of oral biomarkers in diagnosing and monitoring systemic diseases, emphasizing their diagnostic relevance and predictive capabilities in clinical practice. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes the current literature on biochemical, immunological, genetic, and microbiological oral biomarkers, with a focus on their sources, types, and clinical applications. Key studies were analyzed to identify associations between oral biomarkers and systemic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Results: Oral fluids, including saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, contain diverse biomarkers such as matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, and genetic indicators. These markers have demonstrated potential in diagnosing and monitoring systemic conditions. Among others, elevated levels of salivary glucose and inflammatory cytokines correlate with diabetes progression, while vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and salivary C-reactive protein might be applicable as indicators for periodontal disease and cardiovascular risk. Additionally, salivary biomarkers like amyloid-beta and tau are promising in detecting neurodegenerative disorders. Conclusions: Oral biomarkers might represent a transformative and point-of-care approach to the early management of systemic diseases; however, challenges in measurement variability, standardization, and validation remain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine)
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12 pages, 1645 KiB  
Review
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches to Jaw Osteoradionecrosis
by Yufan Wang, Heba Turkstani, Afrah Alfaifi and Sunday O. Akintoye
Diagnostics 2024, 14(23), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14232676 - 27 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
Jaw osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a major complication of head and neck cancer radiotherapy. Treatment complications account for most of the poor outcomes for head and neck cancers and the associated racial health disparities in cancer survivorship. The global incidence of jaw ORN is [...] Read more.
Jaw osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a major complication of head and neck cancer radiotherapy. Treatment complications account for most of the poor outcomes for head and neck cancers and the associated racial health disparities in cancer survivorship. The global incidence of jaw ORN is improving due to pre-radiotherapy patient preparations and improved head and neck cancer radiotherapy protocols. The diagnosis and management of jaw ORN are based on the patient’s history and clinical presentation combined with radiological and histopathological tests. Evidence-based jaw ORN therapies focus on preventive, palliative, and surgical principles. However, new and innovative therapeutic approaches based on the cellular and molecular pathophysiological processes of jaw ORN and the jawbone’s susceptibility to radiation bone damage are limited. The rationale for this narrative review is to highlight the current diagnostic approaches to jaw ORN and the pathophysiological basis for new therapeutic options for ORN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine)
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